Changes in Treatment Content of Services During Trauma-informed Integrated Services for Women with Co-occurring Disorders

The experience of trauma is highly prevalent in the lives of women with mental health and substance abuse problems. We examined how an intervention targeted to provide trauma-informed integrated services in the treatment of co-occurring disorders has changed the content of services reported by clients. We found that the intervention led to an increased provision of integrated services as well as services addressing each content area: trauma, mental health and substance abuse. There was no increase in service quantity from the intervention. Incorporation of trauma-specific element in the treatment of mental health and substance abuse may have been successfully implemented at the service level thereby better serve women with complex behavioral health histories

Ontogeny of humoral immune parameters in fish

The first appearance of IgM in lymphocytes varies considerably among fish species. Generally, the first appearance of B-lymphocytes and immunoglobulins is late in marine species compared to fresh water species, and larvae have reached about 20–30 mm in length when IgM is first expressed. Rainbow trout and channel catfish show the first appearances of surface IgM at about 1 week after hatching. Marine species like the sea bass, spotted wolffish and cod show IgM positive lymphocytes 1–10 weeks after hatching. Transfer of maternal antibody to eggs and embryos has been demonstrated in several species. Examples are plaice, tilapia, carp, sea bass and salmon, but not cod. The ontogeny of complement component C3 has been studied in Atlantic halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus L.), Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.) and the spotted wolffish (Anarhichas minor O.). By Western blotting experiments C3 was found in unfertilised eggs in the spotted wolffish indicating a maternal transfer. RT-PCR analysis revealed C3 mRNA transcripts from 290 d° in spotted wolffish eggs. Using immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridisation, C3 was found in liver, brain, kidney and muscle of cod larvae 2 days post-hatching and in intestines, pancreas, heart and gills at different stages of larval development. Also, C3 was detectable in halibut larvae in yolk sac, muscle, liver, brain, chondrocytes, spinal chord, eye, heart, intestines and kidney. These studies suggest that complement may play a role in generation of different organs, not only in the defence against invading pathogens. Lysozyme is a bactericidal enzyme present in mucus, lymphoid tissue and serum of most fish species, but not in cod and wolffish. The enzyme has been detected in oocytes, fertilised eggs and larval stages of fish species like coho salmon, sea bass and tilapia. The activity of other enzymes like the cathepsins has been described in eggs and larvae of sea bass, cod and salmonids. Cathepsins may have a bactericidal role in the skin of fish. Lectins are carbohydrate-binding proteins that interact with pathogenic surface structures that result in opsonization, phagocytosis or activation of complement. Lectins have been isolated from the eggs of various fish species

Studies, with a luminogenic peptide substrate, on blood coagulation factor x/xa produced by mouse peritoneal macrophages.

The formation and secretion of coagulation Factor X/Xa by mouse peritoneal macrophages was studied with a luminogenic peptide substrate (S-2613; t-butyloxycarbonylisoleucylglutamyl-γ-piperidylglycylarginylisoluminol). Amidolysis was quantified by measuring the light emitted during oxidation of isoluminol, released by Factor Xa. A lower detection limit of about 0.5ng of Factor Xa was established; the assay was linear with enzyme concentration up to at least 100ng/ml. Factor X was determined after treatment with the Factor X-activating component of Russell's-viper (Vipera russelli) venom. Macrophages, cultured in the absence of serum, released Factor X/Xa into the culture medium. The concentration of coagulation enzyme in the medium increased in an essentially linear fashion over a period of at least 3 days, at a rate corresponding to 6–8ng produced/24h per 10(6) cells. The ratio of Factor Xa/X+Xa varied from about 60 to 100%, showing that activation of Factor X to Xa is not prerequisite to release of the enzyme from the cells. Factor Xa activity was suppressed in the presence of warfarin [3-(α-acetonylbenzyl)-4-hydroxycoumarin; 12.5μg/ml of medium], but could be restored by adding vitamin K (0.1μg/ml) along with the warfarin. Cultures to which Sepharose beads containing covalently bound anti-(Factor X) antibodies had been added showed decreased amounts of free Factor X/Xa in the culture medium. The missing activity could be demonstrated by incubating the recovered conjugate with the substrate peptide S-2613. Factor Xa produced by the macrophages was efficiently inactivated by heparin in the presence of antithrombin, heparin with high affinity for antithrombin being more effective than the corresponding low-affinity species