Non-Contact Analysis of the Adsorptive Ink Capacity of Nano Silica Pigments on a Printing Coating Base

<div><p>Near infrared spectra combined with partial least squares were proposed as a means of non-contact analysis of the adsorptive ink capacity of recording coating materials in ink jet printing. First, the recording coating materials were prepared based on nano silica pigments. 80 samples of the recording coating materials were selected to develop the calibration of adsorptive ink capacity against ink adsorption (g/m²). The model developed predicted samples in the validation set with r²  = 0.80 and SEP  = 1.108, analytical results showed that near infrared spectra had significant potential for the adsorption of ink capacity on the recording coating. The influence of factors such as recording coating thickness, mass ratio silica: binder-polyvinyl alcohol and the solution concentration on the adsorptive ink capacity were studied. With the help of the near infrared spectra, the adsorptive ink capacity of a recording coating material can be rapidly controlled.</p></div

Equipment of adsorptive ink weight of RC-IJP.

<p>Equipment of adsorptive ink weight of RC-IJP.</p

Structure and infiltration analysis of RC-IJP: (a) SEM (b) EDS (c) AFM.

<p>Structure and infiltration analysis of RC-IJP: (a) SEM (b) EDS (c) AFM.</p

Sketch of monitoring quality of RC-IJP.

<p>Sketch of monitoring quality of RC-IJP.</p

Correlation between predicted values and actual values of adsorptive ink weight of RC-IJP.

<p>Correlation between predicted values and actual values of adsorptive ink weight of RC-IJP.</p

Mode of action NIR diffuse reflectance light on RC-IJP.

<p>Mode of action NIR diffuse reflectance light on RC-IJP.</p

NIR diffuse reflectance spectral of RC-IJP.

<p>NIR diffuse reflectance spectral of RC-IJP.</p

Sketch of RC-IJP analysis by NIR spectra.

<p>Sketch of RC-IJP analysis by NIR spectra.</p

Varying Coefficient Model via Adaptive Spline Fitting

The varying coefficient model is a potent dimension reduction tool for nonparametric modeling and has received extensive attention from researchers. Most existing methods for fitting this model utilize polynomial splines with equidistant knots and treat the number of knots as a hyperparameter. However, imposing equidistant knots tends to be overly rigid, and systematically determining the optimal number of knots is also challenging. In this article, we address these challenges by employing polynomial splines with adaptively selected and predictor-specific knots to fit the varying coefficients in the model. We propose an efficient dynamic programming algorithm to find the optimal solution. Numerical results demonstrate that our new method achieves significantly smaller mean squared errors for coefficient estimations compared to the equidistant spline fitting method. An implementation of our method in R is available at https://github.com/wangxf0106/vcmasf. Proofs of the theorems are provided in the online supplementary materials.</p

Table_1_Trends and disparities in disease burden of age-related macular degeneration from 1990 to 2019: Results from the global burden of disease study 2019.doc

ObjectivesThis study aims to estimate the trends and disparities in the worldwide burden for health of AMD, overall and by age, sex, socio-demographic index (SDI), region, and nation using prevalence and years lived with disability (YLDs) from Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study 2019.MethodsThis retrospective study presents the prevalent AMD cases and YLDs from 1990–2019, as well as the age-standardized prevalence rate (ASPR) and age-standardized YLD rate (ASYR) of AMD. To measure changes over time, estimated annual percentage changes (EAPCs) of the age-standardized rates (ASRs) were analyzed globally, then studied further by sex, SDI, region, and nation. We included data from the 2019 Global Burden of Disease (GBD) database to examine AMD prevalence and YLDs from 1990–2019 in 204 countries and territories, as well as demographic information such as age, sex, SDI, region, and nation.ResultsGlobally, the number of prevalent AMD cases increased from 3,581,329.17 (95% uncertainty interval [UI], 3,025,619.4–4,188,835.7) in 1990 to 7,792,530 (95% UI, 6,526,081.5–9,159,394.9) in 2019, and the number of YLDs increased from 296,771.93 (95% uncertainty interval [UI], 205,462.8–418,699.82) in 1990 to 564,055.1 (95% UI, 392,930.7–789,194.64) in 2019. The ASPR of AMD had a decreased trend with an EAPC of −0.15 (95% confidence interval [CI], −0.2 to −0.11) from 1990 to 2019, and the ASYR of AMD showed a decreased trend with an EAPC of −0.71 (95% confidence interval [CI], −0.78 to −0.65) during this period. The prevalence and YLDs of AMD in adults over 50 years of age showed a significant increase. The prevalence and YLDs of AMD were significantly higher in females than males, overall. The ASPRs and ASYRs in low SDI regions was greater than in high SDI regions from 1990 to 2019. In addition, increases in prevalence and YLDs differed by regions and nations, as well as level of socio-economic development.ConclusionThe number of prevalent cases and YLDs due to AMD increased over 30 years and were directly linked to age, sex, socio-economic status, and geographic location. These findings can not only guide public health work but also provide an epidemiological basis for global strategy formulation regarding this global health challenge.</p