190 research outputs found
Do oral aluminium phosphate binders cause accumulation of aluminium to toxic levels?
<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Aluminium (Al) toxicity was frequent in the 1980s in patients ingesting Al containing phosphate binders (Alucaps) whilst having HD using water potentially contaminated with Al. The aim of this study was to determine the risk of Al toxicity in HD patients receiving Alucaps but never exposed to contaminated dialysate water.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>HD patients only treated with Reverse Osmosis(RO) treated dialysis water with either current or past exposure to Alucaps were given standardised DFO tests. Post-DFO serum Al level > 3.0 ÎŒmol/L was defined to indicate toxic loads based on previous bone biopsy studies.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>39 patients (34 anuric) were studied. Mean dose of Alucap was 3.5 capsules/d over 23.0 months. Pre-DFO Al levels were > 1.0 ÎŒmol/L in only 2 patients and none were > 3.0 ÎŒmol/L. No patients had a post DFO Al levels > 3.0 ÎŒmol/L. There were no correlations between the serum Al concentrations (pre-, post- or the incremental rise after DFO administration) and the total amount of Al ingested.</p> <p>No patients had unexplained EPO resistance or biochemical evidence of adynamic bone.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Although this is a small study, oral aluminium exposure was considerable. Yet no patients undergoing HD with RO treated water had evidence of Al toxicity despite doses equivalent to 3.5 capsules of Alucap for 2 years. The relationship between the DFO-Al results and the total amount of Al ingested was weak (R<sup>2 </sup>= 0.07) and not statistically significant. In an era of financial prudence, and in view of the recognised risk of excess calcium loading in dialysis patients, perhaps we should re-evaluate the risk of using Al-based phosphate binders in HD patients who remain uric.</p
Epidemiologic and clinical updates on impulse control disorders: a critical review
The article reviews the current knowledge about the impulse control disorders (ICDs) with specific emphasis on epidemiological and pharmacological advances. In addition to the traditional ICDs present in the DSM-IVâpathological gambling, trichotillomania, kleptomania, pyromania and intermittent explosive disorderâa brief description of the new proposed ICDsâcompulsiveâimpulsive (CâI) Internet usage disorder, CâI sexual behaviors, CâI skin picking and CâI shoppingâis provided. Specifically, the article summarizes the phenomenology, epidemiology and comorbidity of the ICDs. Particular attention is paid to the relationship between ICDs and obsessiveâcompulsive disorder (OCD). Finally, current pharmacological options for treating ICDs are presented and discussed
Iron Behaving Badly: Inappropriate Iron Chelation as a Major Contributor to the Aetiology of Vascular and Other Progressive Inflammatory and Degenerative Diseases
The production of peroxide and superoxide is an inevitable consequence of
aerobic metabolism, and while these particular "reactive oxygen species" (ROSs)
can exhibit a number of biological effects, they are not of themselves
excessively reactive and thus they are not especially damaging at physiological
concentrations. However, their reactions with poorly liganded iron species can
lead to the catalytic production of the very reactive and dangerous hydroxyl
radical, which is exceptionally damaging, and a major cause of chronic
inflammation. We review the considerable and wide-ranging evidence for the
involvement of this combination of (su)peroxide and poorly liganded iron in a
large number of physiological and indeed pathological processes and
inflammatory disorders, especially those involving the progressive degradation
of cellular and organismal performance. These diseases share a great many
similarities and thus might be considered to have a common cause (i.e.
iron-catalysed free radical and especially hydroxyl radical generation). The
studies reviewed include those focused on a series of cardiovascular, metabolic
and neurological diseases, where iron can be found at the sites of plaques and
lesions, as well as studies showing the significance of iron to aging and
longevity. The effective chelation of iron by natural or synthetic ligands is
thus of major physiological (and potentially therapeutic) importance. As
systems properties, we need to recognise that physiological observables have
multiple molecular causes, and studying them in isolation leads to inconsistent
patterns of apparent causality when it is the simultaneous combination of
multiple factors that is responsible. This explains, for instance, the
decidedly mixed effects of antioxidants that have been observed, etc...Comment: 159 pages, including 9 Figs and 2184 reference
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Reflections on the 'History and Historians' of the black woman's role in the community of slaves: enslaved women and intimate partner sexual violence
Taking as points of inspiration Peter Parishâs 1989 book, Slavery: History and Historians, and Angela Davisâs seminal 1971 article, âReflections on the black womanâs role in the community of slaves,â this probes both historiographically and methodologically some of the challenges faced by historians writing about the lives of enslaved women through a case study of intimate partner violence among enslaved people in the antebellum South. Because rape and sexual assault have been defined in the past as non-consensual sexual acts supported by surviving legal evidence (generally testimony from court trials), it is hard for historians to research rape and sexual violence under slavery (especially marital rape) as there was no legal standing for the rape of enslaved women or the rape of any woman within marriage. This article suggests enslaved women recognized that black men could both be perpetrators of sexual violence and simultaneously be victims of the system of slavery. It also argues women stoically tolerated being forced into intimate relationships, sometimes even staying with âhusbandsâ imposed upon them after emancipation
Foundations of financial management, 7th.ed./ Block
xxviii, 687 hal.: ill, tab.; 25 cm
Foundations of financial management, 12th ED./ Block
xxxii, 658 hal. : ill.; 27 cm
Response by United States Financial Managers to Financial Accounting Standard No. 8
This study reports the response of 103 financial managers of United States multinational corporations to the Financial Accounting Standards Board #8 with regard to foreign currency translation. A sizeable majority of financial managers felt that FAS #8 was inferior to their prior translation method and should be modified or eliminated. The article examines reported reasons for these responses.The effect of FAS #8 upon exposure management is examined, with emphasis upon the fact that 23.3% of those respondents indicated that action intended to reduce accounting exposure has the direct effect of increasing economic exposure. Finally, consideration is given to implications of the financial officers expressed that financial analysts do not always assess properly the significance of translation losses and gains; this perception may not be true, in light of efficient markets considerations, but the actions of the corporate treasurers appear to be influenced by it.© 1978 JIBS. Journal of International Business Studies (1978) 9, 89â99
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