37 research outputs found
The Evaluation Of Wild Environments In Zimbabwe : A Literature Review
A DLM Working Paper on conservation of natural resources.This paper is a synthesis of major international experience in the conservation of natural resources which has had little exposure in Zimbabwe but which has important implications as far as the future of this country, and indeed the world, is concerned. Comprehension of this knowledge is a prerequisite to the imperative changes in our economic view-of man and his world which must come about if our society is to avoid the apocalypse
A Time To Listen: A Perspective On Agricultural Policy In Zimbabwe
A DLM Working Paper on Zimbabwe's agricultural development policies
Information Systems And Small Farm Development
A DLM Working Paper on the importance of Information Systems to small farm development
Case Study: The Zimbabwe Cotton Marketing Board
A DLM Working paper on Zimbabwe's cotton industry.While cotton is indigenous to Zimbabwe, it was not grown as a commercial crop prior to the twentieth century. In l9l9 cotton seeds were distributed to large- scale farmers in Zimbabwe and the Empire Cotton Growing Corporation offered substantial prizes to encourage, cotton production. In the subsequent.few years, significant acreages of cotton were grown. (Muir, 1981a). In 1924 the Cotton Breeding Station was established at Kadoma. World cotton prices rose rapidly in the mid-1920âs and variety testing at the Cotton Breeding Station indicated that the American variety Bancroft was suitable for local conditions. A minor boom in Zimbabwean "cotton production followed with good yields and high "prices. The boom however, was short-lived as a rapid build-up of jassids (sucking insects which affect both yield and quality) devastated the crop. The area planted to cotton 'rose from 55hectares, in 1922 to 25 000 hectares, in 1927 Jassid attack reduced plantings to 340 hectares in 1928 (Muir 1981a)
The elusive peasant: Zimbabwe's agricultural policy, 1965-1986
A research paper on Zimbabwe's agricultural policy during the period 1965 to 1986.The prospect of attempting to analyse agricultural policy in Zimbabwe over the years 1965 to 1986 is daunting. The period includes some of the most dramatic political and
natural shocks absorbed by the Zimbabwe economy this
century. The year 1965 marks the illegal assumption of independence
(UDI) by the previous Rhodesia government. UDI preceeded the most intense phase of the liberation war; a war which was largely fought over, and in, the farming areas of Zimbabwe. Between 1965 and 1980, the economy had to withstand the economic sanctions imposed against the Smith government, and the inflationary shocks of the massive oil price rises in the 1970s. Agriculture was severely hit by these combined blows with whole farm gross margins declining by 22 percent in real terms between 1973 and 1979 (Chavunduka, 1982). In 1980 came legal independence
and a total reversal of government political ideology. A series of droughts, including an almost unprecedented three year drought from 1982-83 to 1984-85, put further pressure on the agricultural sector.US Agency For International Development (US-AID
Restructuring Agricultural Delivery Systems In Sub-Saharan Africa : A Case Study Of Zimbabwe
The thesis of the paper is that African smallholders, while numerically dominant in the agricultural systems of the continent, have been largely ignored in the
evolution of agricultural policy. With respect to the
provision of delivery systems, governments have typically
favored the establishment of parastatal boards. The
evidence suggests1 that these boards have performed poorly.â Case studies of parastatals in Zimbabwe are
used to illustrate how, in terms ofâ delivery systems,
it is necessary to mobilize both producer initiative'
and government resource's in order to devise, systems -..that.â effectively and efficiently. serve the:'smallholder producer. The argument is developed: that/the effectiveness-
of agricultural delivery systems can be substantially improved by changing.the role of the state in their
operation from that of manager to that of referee
Maize Marketing In East And Southern Africa: Increasing The Efficiency Of Parastatal Systems
An AEE Working Paper.Sub-Saharan . Africa is characterized by widespread poverty and rapid population growth. Millions of Africans today are malnourished, and many more, perhaps 100 million or more, would eat better if they could (.Rotberg, 1983). The 1960's mark the beginning of a striking decline in the region's ability, to produce or purchase sufficient food for the needs ofâ its population. The trend over the past two decades has-been a continuing per, capita fall and, in some countries, . an absolute fall in food production
Maize Price Cycles in Southern and Eastern Africa
AEE Working Paper.Maize prices have been established by central government in most countries in the region since the 1930s. Maize is the most important staple crop and adequate supplies are essential to food security. The major concern in the region is with the instability of food supplies rather than increased supplies since the agronomic potential exists for adequate or surplus maize production in normal rain-fall years. This paper shows how the pricing system has exaggerated the inherently variable maize supplies.
While a general trend towards providing more attractive farm prices for maize is apparent in East and Southern Africa, this is linked to policies which emphasize maize self-sufficiency rather than comparative advantage in agricultural production. Most countries in Eastern and Southern Africa have adopted a policy of self-sufficiency in maize. Virtually all the maize grown is rain fed. Both total rainfall and its distribution within a season exhibit considerable variability which in turn, is reflected directly in variations in the aggregate levels of maize output in Zimbabwe
CRAFTING SMALLHOLDER-DRIVEN AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH SYSTEMS IN SOUTHERN AFRICA
Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies,
Paysans de tous les pays, unissez-vous !
Les paysans ont domestiquĂ© les plantes et les animaux, inventĂ© lâagriculture, bĂąti des systĂšmes durables. Ils ont aussi supportĂ© les coĂ»ts des rĂ©volutions agricoles et industrielles. Mais ce sont des forces et des intĂ©rĂȘts extĂ©rieurs au secteur qui commandent lâĂ©volution de leur production et de leur richesse. JusquâĂ quand ?
M. Mazoyer et L. Roudart ont magistralement analysĂ© dans leur livre la saga des paysans. Tout commence il y a 10 000 ans, quand lâinvention de lâagriculture et de lâĂ©levage fait franchir Ă lâHumanitĂ© des pas dĂ©cisifs. Alors naissent les systĂšmes culturels et techniques qui coexistent encore aujourdâhui.
Une évolution aveugle et déséquilibrée
Dans les pays dĂ©veloppĂ©s, lâagriculture est favorisĂ©e par des conseils techniques, du crĂ©dit, des subventions, des prix garantis, des barriĂšres douaniĂšres et des marchĂ©s proches. Dans les pays les plus pauvres, au contraire, tout manque aux paysans : conseils, intrants, crĂ©dit, voies de communication, transports, organisation commerciale, parfois mĂȘme la terre et, souvent, des gouvernements vraiment intĂ©ressĂ©s Ă les dĂ©fendre et Ă les soutenir. Quelques grandes exploitations, situĂ©es dans certaines rĂ©gions du monde, accumulent continuellement des ressources qui profitent aux productions vĂ©gĂ©tales et animales les plus compĂ©titives et permettent de lancer des produits Ă bas prix sur tous les marchĂ©s. Dans le reste du monde, la plupart des paysans se trouvent incapables de produire de façon concurrentielle, sont exclus de leur propre terre et souvent conduits Ă lâindigence.
Cette Ă©volution aveugle et dĂ©sĂ©quilibrĂ©e du systĂšme agricole et alimentaire mondial est une tragĂ©die. Cette affreuse distorsion est Ă lâorigine des inĂ©galitĂ©s qui sĂ©parent les pays. La crise de la paysannerie sous-Ă©quipĂ©e et peu productive est Ă lâorigine de la pauvretĂ© rurale et urbaine croissante qui rend impossible le dĂ©veloppement des pays agricoles. Cette crise conduit Ă une rĂ©duction accentuĂ©e de la demande solvable au niveau local et mondial, au ralentissement de la croissance Ă©conomique, Ă lâaugmentation du chĂŽmage, Ă la pauvretĂ© et Ă lâexclusion. Des consĂ©quences qui viennent frapper Ă la porte des pays dĂ©veloppĂ©s : elles compromettent leurs dĂ©bouchĂ©s sur les marchĂ©s des pays en dĂ©veloppement. Les pays dĂ©veloppĂ©s sont aussi affectĂ©s, directement ou indirectement, par les autres aspects de cette crise globale et complexe du tiers-monde oĂč la misĂšre, la stagnation et le dĂ©sespoir font le lit des grandes migrations, du terrorisme et des conflits armĂ©s.
Pas de solution miracle !
La libĂ©ralisation et la mondialisation du commerce et de lâĂ©conomie sont Ă la mode. Cela nous rappelle lâhistoire de ce savant qui pose une puce sur une table et lui crie : ' Saute ! ' Et la puce saute. Il lui arrache ensuite les pattes et crie de nouveau : ' Saute ! '. Mais elle ne saute pas. Conclusion du savant : sans pattes, la puce nâentend pas !
Les paysans des pays pauvres ne sauteront dans le train de la mondialisation que si on leur restitue leurs jambes, câest-Ă -dire les moyens nĂ©cessaires Ă leur dĂ©veloppement !
Les mĂ©canismes actuels du commerce international ne rĂ©soudront pas le problĂšme du dĂ©sĂ©quilibre des pouvoirs et modifieront peu le scĂ©nario de pauvretĂ© et de fragilitĂ© des Ă©conomies des pays et des rĂ©gions pauvres. Il ne suffit pas que chaque pays libĂ©ralise son systĂšme de changes et quâil offre de bonnes conditions aux investisseurs Ă©trangers : sâil ne rĂ©sout pas la question de la rĂ©partition interne des richesses, il risque de connaĂźtre un nouveau dĂ©sĂ©quilibre structurel et donc un frein au dĂ©veloppement Ă©conomique et social.
Pour surmonter les inĂ©galitĂ©s entre les peuples, il faut dans le monde un systĂšme monĂ©taire, financier et commercial plus Ă©quitable, qui puisse corriger, pendant le temps nĂ©cessaire, les grandes diffĂ©rences de productivitĂ©, enracinĂ©es dans lâhistoire et dans la disponibilitĂ© inĂ©gale des ressources.
Mais revenons Ă lâhistoire de la puce sans pattes. Ă quoi bon la distribution dâargent, lâeffacement des dettes ou toutes sortes de projets de dĂ©veloppement, si les populations des pays pauvres ne sont pas prĂ©parĂ©es pour affronter la libĂ©ralisation et la mondialisation imposĂ©es dâen haut par les pays riches, qui protĂšgent dâabord leurs intĂ©rĂȘts Ă lâaide de taxes douaniĂšres et de subventions aux agriculteurs ?
Ăduquer pour dĂ©velopper
Si lâon accepte que le fondement du dĂ©veloppement est la connaissance ou, mieux, la capacitĂ© de lâacquĂ©rir, de lâutiliser et de lâaugmenter, il semble logique que lâenseignement et la formation professionnelle soient la prioritĂ© des prioritĂ©s de la mondialisation.
Pour dĂ©passer la crise mondiale actuelle, les pays riches doivent renoncer au profit Ă court terme, Ă la croissance inĂ©gale non durable, et favoriser un dĂ©veloppement global harmonieux, participatif et durable. Nâest-ce pas lâobjectif affichĂ© par lâUnion EuropĂ©enne au sein de lâEurope, ou par le Plan Marshall aprĂšs la derniĂšre guerre mondiale ?
* Histoires des agricultures du monde du néolithique à la crise contemporaine
par M Mazoyer & L Roudart, Seuil, Paris, 1997. 533 pp.
ISBN 02-032397-4
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Agronome, Ălvaro Soares de Melo, a une grande expĂ©rience en formation rurale et projets de dĂ©veloppement avec des pays africains. De 1993 Ă 2000, il a assurĂ© la coordination dâEsporo, lâĂ©dition en langue portugaise de Spore.
Les opinions exprimĂ©es dans ce Point de vue sont celles de lâauteur, et ne reflĂštent pas nĂ©cessairement les idĂ©es du CTA.Les paysans ont domestiquĂ© les plantes et les animaux, inventĂ© lâagriculture, bĂąti des systĂšmes durables. Ils ont aussi supportĂ© les coĂ»ts des rĂ©volutions agricoles et industrielles. Mais ce sont des forces et des intĂ©rĂȘts extĂ©rieurs au..