The epidemiology of kidney disease in people of African ancestry with HIV in the UK

Background: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality globally. The risk of CKD is increased in people of African ancestry and with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study investigating the relationship between region of ancestry (East, Central, South or West Africa) and kidney disease in people of sub-Saharan African ancestry with HIV in the UK between May 2018 and February 2020. The primary outcome was renal impairment (estimated glomerular filtration rate [eGFR] of 50 mg/mmol), and biopsy-confirmed HIV-associated nephropathy (HIVAN), focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) or arterionephrosclerosis. Multivariable robust Poisson regression estimated the effect of region of African ancestry on kidney disease outcomes. Findings: Of the 2468 participants (mean age 48.1 [SD 9.8] years, 62% female), 193 had renal impairment, 87 stage 5 CKD, 126 proteinuria, and 43 HIVAN/FSGS or arterionephrosclerosis. After adjusting for demographic characteristics, HIV and several CKD risk factors and with East African ancestry as referent, West African ancestry was associated with renal impairment (prevalence ratio [PR] 2.06 [95% CI 1.40–3.04]) and stage 5 CKD (PR 2.23 [1.23–4.04]), but not with proteinuria (PR 1.27 [0.78–2.05]). West African ancestry (as compared to East/South African ancestry) was also strongly associated with a diagnosis of HIVAN/FSGS or arterionephrosclerosis on kidney biopsy (PR 6.44 [2.42–17.14]). Interpretation: Our results indicate that people of West African ancestry with HIV are at increased risk of kidney disease. Although we cannot rule out the possibility of residual confounding, geographical region of origin appears to be a strong independent risk factor for CKD as the association did not appear to be explained by several demographic, HIV or renal risk factors

Genetic Variants of APOL1 Are Major Determinants of Kidney Failure in People of African Ancestry With HIV.

Introduction: Variants of the APOL1 gene are associated with chronic kidney disease (CKD) in people of African ancestry, although evidence for their impact in people with HIV are sparse. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study investigating the association between APOL1 renal risk alleles and kidney disease in people of African ancestry with HIV in the UK. The primary outcome was end-stage kidney disease (ESKD; estimated glomerular filtration rate [eGFR] of 30 mg/mmol), and biopsy-proven HIV-associated nephropathy (HIVAN). Multivariable logistic regression was used to estimate the associations between APOL1 high-risk genotypes (G1/G1, G1/G2, G2/G2) and kidney disease outcomes. Results: A total of 2864 participants (mean age 48.1 [SD 10.3], 57.3% female) were genotyped, of whom, 354 (12.4%) had APOL1 high-risk genotypes, and 99 (3.5%) had ESKD. After adjusting for demographic, HIV, and renal risk factors, individuals with APOL1 high-risk genotypes were at increased odds of ESKD (odds ratio [OR] 10.58, 95% CI 6.22-17.99), renal impairment (OR 5.50, 95% CI 3.81-7.95), albuminuria (OR 3.34, 95% CI 2.00-5.56), and HIVAN (OR 30.16, 95% CI 12.48-72.88). An estimated 49% of ESKD was attributable to APOL1 high-risk genotypes. Conclusion: APOL1 high-risk genotypes were strongly associated with kidney disease in people of African ancestry with HIV and accounted for approximately half of ESKD cases in this cohort

Genetic Variants of APOL1 Are Major Determinants of Kidney Failure in People of African Ancestry With HIV

INTRODUCTION: Variants of the APOL1 gene are associated with chronic kidney disease (CKD) in people of African ancestry, although evidence for their impact in people with HIV are sparse. METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional study investigating the association between APOL1 renal risk alleles and kidney disease in people of African ancestry with HIV in the UK. The primary outcome was end-stage kidney disease (ESKD; estimated glomerular filtration rate [eGFR] of 30 mg/mmol), and biopsy-proven HIV-associated nephropathy (HIVAN). Multivariable logistic regression was used to estimate the associations between APOL1 high-risk genotypes (G1/G1, G1/G2, G2/G2) and kidney disease outcomes. RESULTS: A total of 2864 participants (mean age 48.1 [SD 10.3], 57.3% female) were genotyped, of whom, 354 (12.4%) had APOL1 high-risk genotypes, and 99 (3.5%) had ESKD. After adjusting for demographic, HIV, and renal risk factors, individuals with APOL1 high-risk genotypes were at increased odds of ESKD (odds ratio [OR] 10.58, 95% CI 6.22–17.99), renal impairment (OR 5.50, 95% CI 3.81–7.95), albuminuria (OR 3.34, 95% CI 2.00–5.56), and HIVAN (OR 30.16, 95% CI 12.48–72.88). An estimated 49% of ESKD was attributable to APOL1 high-risk genotypes. CONCLUSION: APOL1 high-risk genotypes were strongly associated with kidney disease in people of African ancestry with HIV and accounted for approximately half of ESKD cases in this cohort

Sickle Cell Trait and Kidney Disease in People of African Ancestry With HIV

Introduction: Sickle cell trait (SCT) has been associated with chronic kidney disease (CKD) in African Americans, although evidence for its impact in Africans and people with HIV is currently lacking. We conducted a cross-sectional study investigating the association between SCT and kidney disease in people of African ancestry with HIV in the UK. Methods: The primary outcome was estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) 50 mg/mmol), and albuminuria (albumin-to-creatinine ratio >3 mg/mmol). Multivariable logistic regression was used to estimate the associations between SCT and kidney disease outcomes. Results: A total of 2895 participants (mean age 48.1 [SD 10.3], 57.2% female) were included, of whom 335 (11.6%) had SCT and 352 (12.2%) had eGFR <60 ml/min per 1.73 m2. After adjusting for demographic, HIV, and kidney risk factors including APOL1 high-risk genotype status, individuals with SCT were more likely to have eGFR <60 ml/min per 1.73 m2 (odds ratio 1.62 [95% CI 1.14–2.32]), eGFR <90 ml/min per 1.73 m2 (1.50 [1.14–1.97]), and albuminuria (1.50 [1.09–2.05]). Stratified by APOL1 status, significant associations between SCT and GFR <60 ml/min per 1.73 m2, eGFR <90 ml/min per 1.73 m2, proteinuria, and albuminuria were observed for those with APOL1 low-risk genotypes. Conclusion: Our results extend previously reported associations between SCT and kidney disease to people with HIV. In people of African ancestry with HIV, these associations were largely restricted to those with APOL1 low-risk genotypes