1,506 research outputs found
On using Multiple Quality Link Metrics with Destination Sequenced Distance Vector Protocol for Wireless Multi-Hop Networks
In this paper, we compare and analyze performance of five quality link
metrics forWireless Multi-hop Networks (WMhNs). The metrics are based on loss
probability measurements; ETX, ETT, InvETX, ML and MD, in a distance vector
routing protocol; DSDV. Among these selected metrics, we have implemented ML,
MD, InvETX and ETT in DSDV which are previously implemented with different
protocols; ML, MD, InvETX are implemented with OLSR, while ETT is implemented
in MR-LQSR. For our comparison, we have selected Throughput, Normalized Routing
Load (NRL) and End-to-End Delay (E2ED) as performance parameters. Finally, we
deduce that InvETX due to low computational burden and link asymmetry
measurement outperforms among all metrics
Modeling Routing Overhead Generated by Wireless Proactive Routing Protocols
In this paper, we present a detailed framework consisting of modeling of
routing overhead generated by three widely used proactive routing protocols;
Destination-Sequenced Distance Vector (DSDV), Fish-eye State Routing (FSR) and
Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR). The questions like, how these protocols
differ from each other on the basis of implementing different routing
strategies, how neighbor estimation errors affect broadcast of route requests,
how reduction of broadcast overhead achieves bandwidth, how to cope with the
problem of mobility and density, etc, are attempted to respond. In all of the
above mentioned situations, routing overhead and delay generated by the chosen
protocols can exactly be calculated from our modeled equations. Finally, we
analyze the performance of selected routing protocols using our proposed
framework in NS-2 by considering different performance parameters; Route
REQuest (RREQ) packet generation, End-to-End Delay (E2ED) and Normalized
Routing Load (NRL) with respect to varying rates of mobility and density of
nodes in the underlying wireless network
Kuwait’s readiness for the knowledge-based economy: an exploratory study
The small city-state of Kuwait has undergone marked change over the last century. However, despite the significant transformations within its political economy, Kuwait’s socioeconomic needs require attention. This is essential, considering Kuwait’s current attempt to transform into a knowledge-based economy (KBE), a central component of Kuwait’s Vision 2035 and at the top of the country’s policy agenda. Kuwait’s attempt to diversify its resources requires significant reform in KBE’s four main pillars: effective investment in education, constructing robust and innovative tertiary sector capabilities, modernising the information technology infrastructure, and having an economic environment that is conducive to maximum development. And while Kuwait increasingly invests in ICT infrastructure and a welcoming economic environment, education and innovation seem to lag. This research aims to address the increased demand for academically based explorations of Kuwait’s attempts to transfer to a knowledge-based economy and present a comprehensive analysis of Kuwait’s Vision 2035, with emphasis on how the country aims to develop its education and innovation pillars to aid diversification efforts. By involving the relevant participants (e.g., government ministries and higher education institutions), this research seeks to inform policy debates by proposing actionable policies targeting education and innovation and, thus, defines concrete steps to strengthen the KBE in Kuwait
DSDV, DYMO, OLSR: Link Duration and Path Stability
In this paper, we evaluate and compare the impact of link duration and path
stability of routing protocols; Destination Sequence Distance vector (DSDV),
Dynamic MANET On- Demand (DYMO) and Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR) at
different number of connections and node density. In order to improve the
efficiency of selected protocols; we enhance DYMO and OLSR. Simulation and
comparison of both default and enhanced routing protocols is carried out under
the performance parameters; Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR), Average End-to End
Delay (AE2ED) and Normalized Routing Overhead (NRO). From the results, we
observe that DYMO performs better than DSDV, MOD-OLSR and OLSR in terms of PDR,
AE2ED, link duration and path stability at the cost of high value of NRO
Analysis and Modeling Experiment Performance Parameters of Routing Protocols in MANETs and VANETs
In this paper, a framework for experimental parameters in which Packet
Delivery Ratio (PDR), effect of link duration over End-to-End Delay (E2ED) and
Normalized Routing Overhead (NRO) in terms of control packets is analyzed and
modeled for Mobile Ad-Hoc NETworks (MANETs) and Vehicular Ad-Hoc NETworks
(VANETs) with the assumption that nodes (vehicles) are sparsely moving in two
different road. Moreover, this paper contributes the performance comparison of
one Proactive Routing Protocol; Destination Sequenced Distance vector (DSDV)
and two reactive protocols; DYnamic Source Routing (DSR) and DYnamic MANET
On-Demand (DYMO). A novel contribution of this work is enhancements in default
versions of selected routing protocols. Three performance parameters; PDR, E2ED
and NRO with varying scalabilities are measured to analyze the performance of
selected routing protocols with their original and enhanced versions. From
extensive simulations, it is observed that DSR outperforms among all three
protocols at the cost of delay. NS-2 simulator is used for simulation with
TwoRayGround propagation model to evaluate analytical results
Prevalence of Giardia intestinalis and Hymenolepis nana in Afghan refugee population of Mianwali district, Pakistan.
Background: Present study aimed to investigate prevalence of Giardia intestinalis and Hymenolepis nana in Afghan refugees visiting Central Health Unit (CHU), Kot Chandana (Mianwali, Northern Punjab) during two years period (February 2007 to December 2009).Methods: A total of 687 stool samples were collected from different age groups of both genders. Samples were processed under sterile conditions after gross examination. Microscopic examination was done on same day along with eggs (H. nana), cyst and trophozoites (G. intestinalis) detection after staining.Results: The prevalence of G. intestinalis was significantly higher (x2=59.54, p<0.001) than that of H. nana. Females were found more likely to be infected as compared to males (OR: 1.40, 95% CI=1.03-1.92). Prevalence of both parasites decreased with age and highest prevalence was observed in young individuals belonging to 1-15 years of age group (41.8% and 48.7% respectively for H. nana and G. intestinalis, p<0.001). Abdominal distress (OR: 1.13, 95%CI=0.83-1.53), vomiting (OR: 1.13, 95%CI=1.13-1.81) and rectal prolapse (OR: 4.26, 95%CI=1.38-13.16) were the gastro-intestinal clinical symptoms observed in G. intestinalis. Whereas, bloody diarrhea (OR: 1.56, 95%CI=1.00-2.43) and rectal prolapse (OR: 5.79, 95%CI=1.87-17.91) were associated with H. nana infections.Conclusions: Intestinal parasitic infections are common among Afghan refugees and serious preventive measures should be implemented to promote the safety and healthy lifestyle of these people.Keywords: Giardia intestinalis, Hymenolepis nana, Prevalence, Afghan Refugees, Punjab
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