10 research outputs found
Time and Temperature Effects on the Digestive Ripening of Gold Nanoparticles: Is There a Crossover from Digestive Ripening to Ostwald Ripening?
The effects of time and temperature
on the gold nanoparticle sizes
obtained by digestive ripening have been investigated. In digestive
ripening, a polydisperse colloid, upon refluxing with a surface-active
ligand in a solvent, gets converted to a nearly monodisperse one.
In this study, a polydisperse gold nanoparticle system was heated
in 4-tert-butyltoluene with
hexadecanethiol at different temperatures, viz., 60, 90, 120, 150,
and 180 °C for different time periods, and the trends in particle
size variations were recorded. At lower temperatures such as 60 and
90 °C, after the initial narrowing of the size distribution,
the particle sizes remain constant even though the refluxing step
is continued for 24 h, substantiating the prevalence of the digestive
ripening process. However, at elevated temperatures (120, 150, and
180 °C) particle sizes grow continuously, indicating a deviation
from the digestive ripening behavior to an Ostwald ripening-type phenomenon
Surface Modification of Polymers for Tissue Engineering Applications: Arginine Acts as a Sticky Protein Equivalent for Viable Cell Accommodation
Hydrophobic polymers,
for their favorable mechanical properties,
are a popular choice as permanent bioimplants. These materials remain
absolutely bioinert for years, but throw up challenges when it comes
to fast integration with healthy tissue. Addressing this, herein,
we present a surface-modification technique of converting the hydrophobic
surface of a polymeric film into a hydrophilic one using a layer-by-layer
assembly process involving gold nanoparticles and small molecules
like amino acids. These films showed much improved animal cell (murine
fibroblast) adherence properties compared to commercially available
tissue culture plates. Moreover, arginine-modified films exhibited
a nearly equivalent cell viability compared to the films modified
with the natural extracellular matrix component fibronectin. The surface
hydrophilicity and roughness of our novel film were characterized
by contact angle measurement and atomic force microscopy. Cell counting,
fluorescence microscopy, cell viability, and collagen estimation assay
were employed to demonstrate that our film favored a much improved
cell adherence, and accommodation in comparison to the commercially
available tissue culture plates
Solvent-Less Solid State Synthesis of Dispersible Metal and Semiconducting Metal Sulfide Nanocrystals
Monolayer protected
metal and metal sulfide nanocrystals (NCs)
have mainly two constituents; the inorganic metal or metal chalcogenide
complex as core and organic molecule as shell. Noticing that metal
thiolates have these ingredients inbuilt in their structure, we investigated
them as possible precursors for the preparation of monolayer protected
metal and metal sulfide NCs via solid state grinding method. Accordingly
silver and gold NCs have been prepared using a solvent less green
approach, by the simple and convenient solid state grinding of the
corresponding metal thiolate with sodium borohydride. Similarly, a
large variety of uniform-sized semiconducting NCs of metal sulfides
including PbS, CdS, ZnS, MnS, Ag<sub>2</sub>S, and CuS could also
be synthesized by the same solid state route by grinding the metal
thiolates with octyl dithiocarbamic acid (C<sub>8</sub>DTCA) and in
some cases C<sub>8</sub>DTCA plus small amount of oleylamine as sulfur
source. Interestingly, this simple technique could be used to prepare
sub-3 nm NCs like Ag<sub>2</sub>S, PbS, and CuS which are otherwise
difficult to prepare by the conventional high temperature solution
routes also. Most gratifyingly, all these NCs, though were prepared
by a solvent less grinding method, could be easily dispersed in nonpolar
solvents as the preparation method ensued the formation of organic
molecule capped NCs
Microwave-Assisted Batch and Continuous Flow Synthesis of Palladium Supported on Magnetic Nickel Nanocrystals and Their Evaluation as Reusable Catalyst
Palladium nanocrystals
(NCs) supported on nickel NCs (Pd/Ni) were
synthesized in a continuous flow manner by the microwave-assisted
method in the presence and absence of oleylamine. Parameters optimized
for batch experiments were considered while performing continuous
flow synthesis. The Pd/Ni NCs synthesized in the presence of oleylamine
displayed good catalytic activity for hydrogenation of aromatic nitro
compounds, and those bearing alkene and alkyne moieties. The ferromagnetic
character of the supporting nickel NCs allowed the recovery of the
catalyst, and these recovered catalysts could be reused several times
Digestive Ripening: A Fine Chemical Machining Process on the Nanoscale
A comprehensive
overview of the process of digestive ripening that
is known to convert polydisperse nanocrystals to monodisperse ones
is presented. Apart from highlighting the role of organic molecules
(ligands) in achieving size control, the roles of other parameters
such as the nanocrystal–ligand binding strength and the temperature
at which the reaction is carried out in accomplishing size control
are also delineated. The generality of the procedure is illustrated
by providing examples of how it is used to prepare monodisperse nanocrystals
of different metals, alloy systems, and ultrasmall nanocrystals and
also to narrow the size distribution in complex binary and ternary
nanocrystal systems. Finally, the current status as far as the theoretical
understanding of how size control is being achieved by digestive ripening
is laid out, emphasizing at the same time the necessity to undertake
more systematic studies to completely realize the full potential of
this practically very useful procedure
pH- and Time-Resolved <i>in Situ</i> SAXS Study of Self-Assembled Twisted Ribbons Formed by Elaidic Acid Sophorolipids
Conditions
that favor the helical structure formation in structurally
similar sophorolipids (SLs), that is, elaidic acid SLs (having a <i>trans</i> double bond between the C9 and C10 positions of the
alkyl chain) and stearic acid SLs (no double bond), are presented
here. The helical self-assembled structures formed by elaidic acid
SLs were independent of pH and also were mediated by a micellar intermediate.
On the other hand, the stearic acid SLs formed helical structures
under low pH condition only. Astonishingly, the formation routes were
found to be different, albeit the molecular geometry of both SLs is
similar. Even if a conclusive mechanistic understanding must await
further work, our studies strongly point out that the noncovalent
weak interactions in elaidic acid SLs are able to overcome the electrostatic
repulsions of the sophorolipid carboxylate groups at basic pH and
facilitating the formation of helical structures. On the other hand,
the hydrophobic interactions in stearic acid SLs endow the helical
structures with extra stability, making them less vulnerable to dissolution
upon heating
Preparation of Ni<sub>3</sub>S<sub>2</sub> and Ni<sub>3</sub>S<sub>2</sub>–Ni Nanosheets via Solution Based Processes
An easy and convenient preparation
of nanometer-thick sheets of
Ni<sub>3</sub>S<sub>2</sub> and Ni<sub>3</sub>S<sub>2</sub>–Ni
from solution processed molecularly thin sheets of Ni-thiolates is
described. Both the Ni<sub>3</sub>S<sub>2</sub> and Ni<sub>3</sub>S<sub>2</sub>–Ni possessed sheet-like morphologies and displayed
room temperature ferromagnetic characteristics. The ferromagnetic
nature of these samples was also confirmed by MFM studies, and AFM/TEM
investigations substantiated the sheet-like morphology of the samples
Ultrathin Sheets of Metal or Metal Sulfide from Molecularly Thin Sheets of Metal Thiolates in Solution
Materials that exist as single molecule
thick two-dimensional sheets
are in great demand because they hold promise as precursors for synthesis
of layered functional materials. We demonstrate that metal thiolates,
that exist as lamellar assemblies in the neat state, can be disassembled
into individual molecular sheets simply by dilution in apolar organic
solvents and that these can form ultrathin metallic layers on substrates
upon heat treatment. We establish the pathway to the disassembly of
metal thiolates in solution using a combination of techniques, including
X-ray diffraction, light scattering, FTIR, and TEM. Our results indicate
that the lamellar structure of Pd-thiolates is preserved in toluene
up to a concentration of 300% w/v and the average intersheet distance
is unchanged. Interestingly, the dynamics of the Pd-thiolate sheets
remain correlated even on diluting them up to 30% w/v, though the
disorder within the lamellar stacks increases with a decrease in their
coherence length. Finally, at dilutions less than about 5% w/v, individual
sheets of these structures can be accessed that are isolated and directly
observed using TEM. Heat treatment of the ultrathin films of metal
thiolates deposited on appropriate substrates resulted in the formation
of metal or metal sulfides with retention of sheetlike morphologies
Digestive Ripening of Au Nanoparticles Using Multidentate Ligands
The efficiency of
multidentate ligands as digestive ripening (DR)
agents for the preparation of monodisperse Au nanoparticles (NPs)
was investigated. This systematic investigation was performed using
ligands possessing one, two, or three thiol moieties as ligands/DR
agents. Our results clearly establish that among the different ligands,
monodentate ligands and the use of temperature in the range of 60–120
°C offer the best conditions for DR. In addition, when DR was
carried out at lower temperatures (e.g., 60 °C), the NP size
increased as the number of thiol groups per ligand increased. However,
in the case of ligands possessing two and three thiol moieties, when
they were heated with polydispersed particles at higher temperatures
(120 or 180 °C), the etching process dominated, which affected
the quality of the NPs in terms of their monodispersity. We conclude
that the temperature-dependent strength of the interaction between
the ligand headgroup and the NP surface plays a vital role in controlling
the final particle sizes
Generic and Scalable Method for the Preparation of Monodispersed Metal Sulfide Nanocrystals with Tunable Optical Properties
A rational
synthetic method that produces monodisperse and air-stable
metal sulfide colloidal quantum dots (CQDs) in organic nonpolar solvents
using octyl dithiocarbamic acid (C<sub>8</sub>DTCA) as a sulfur source,
is reported. The fast decomposition of metal-C<sub>8</sub>DTCA complexes
in presence of primary amines is exploited to achieve this purpose.
This novel technique is generic and can be applied to prepare diverse
CQDs, like CdS, MnS, ZnS, SnS, and In<sub>2</sub>S<sub>3</sub>, including
more useful and in-demand PbS CQDs and plasmonic nanocrystals of Cu<sub>2</sub>S. Based on several control reactions, it is postulated that
the reaction involves the in situ formation of a metal–C<sub>8</sub>DTCA complex, which then reacts in situ with oleylamine at
slightly elevated temperature to decompose into metal sulfide CQDs
at a controlled rate, leading to the formation of the materials with
good optical characteristics. Controlled sulfur precursor’s
reactivity and stoichiometric reaction between C<sub>8</sub>DTCA and
metal salts affords high conversion yield and large-scale production
of monodisperse CQDs. Tunable and desired crystal size could be achieved
by controlling the precursor reactivity by changing the reaction temperature
and reagent ratios. Finally, the photovoltaic devices fabricated from
PbS CQDs displayed a power conversion efficiency of 4.64% that is
comparable with the reported values of devices prepared with PbS CQDs
synthesized by the standard methods