Distribution of <i>GC</i> haplotype combinations and serum 25(OH)D concentrations in children, adults and all combined.

<p>Bold numbers represent significant P values.</p><p>Haplotype combinations were manually inferred and numbered. Homozygote haplotype combinations were numbered 11, 22, 33, 44 and 55. The combinations of the heterozygote haplotypes (12 to 45) were given by one number of each homozygote haplotype e.g. 1 + 2 = 12.</p>1<p><i>M</i> major allele, <i>m</i> minor allele.</p>2<p>Raw geometric mean of serum 25(OH)D concentrations (nmol/L) and corresponding 95%-confidence interval.</p>3<p>Adjusted geometric mean of 25(OH)D concentrations (nmol/L) and corresponding 95%-confidence interval. Linear mixed models with family as a random factor, adjusted for age, sex, BMI, holiday, use of solarium, dietary vitamin D intake, use of multivitamin and vitamin D supplements.</p>adj<p>Adjusted P values. Haplotype combination 44 was excluded in the linear mixed model due to inadequate participants carrying this haplotype combination.</p

Dose-dependent relationship between genotype GG, GX and XX of rs842999 and serum 25(OH)D concentrations.

<p>X-axis stands for genotype GG (GG), GX (GC or GA) and XX (CC, CA or AA) of rs842999. Y-axis stand for serum 25(OH)D (nmol/L). Errors bars stand for 95%-confidence interval and serum 25(OH)D concentrations are given as geometric means. Linear mixed models with family as a random factor, adjusted for age, sex, BMI, ski and sun holidays, solarium use at least once a week, dietary vitamin D intake, multivitamin and vitamin D supplement users was conducted to compare rs842999 genotypes with serum 25(OH)D concentrations. There was a dose-dependent relationship between serum 25(OH)D concentrations and carriers of none, one or two copies of the G-allele. Carriers of two copies of the G-allele, had higher serum 25(OH)D concentrations compared to carriers with only one G-allele or non-carriers in children, adults and all combined, respectively.</p

Basic characteristics of the individual SNP and the association with serum 25(OH)D concentrations in children, adults and all combined.

<p>Bold numbers represent significant P values.</p><p><i>SNP</i> single nucleotide polymorphism (ordered by position), <i>MAF</i> minor allele frequency for the adult population in procent, <i>HWE</i> P-values for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium in the adult population, <i>M/m</i> major and minor alleles, <i>Gt</i> genotype, <i>Mean</i>, raw serum 25(OH)D concentrations were log-transformed to approximate a normal distribution an given as geometric mean (nmol/L), <i>95% CI</i> 95%-confident interval.</p>1<p>Unadjusted P values.</p>2<p>Adjusted P values. Linear mixed models with family as a random factor, adjusted for age, sex, BMI, ski and sun holidays, use of solarium, dietary vitamin D intake, use of multivitamin and vitamin D supplementation.</p

Restriction Genes for Retroviruses Influence the Risk of Multiple Sclerosis

<div><p>We recently described that the autoimmune, central nervous system disease, multiple sclerosis (MS), is genetically associated with the human endogenous retroviral locus, HERV-Fc1, in Scandinavians. A number of dominant human genes encoding factors that restrict retrovirus replication have been known for a long time. Today human restriction genes for retroviruses include amongst others <i>TRIMs, APOBEC3s, BST2</i> and <i>TREXs</i>. We have therefore looked for a role of these retroviral restriction genes in MS using genetic epidemiology. We here report that markers in two <i>TRIMs</i>, <i>TRIM5</i> and <i>TRIM22</i> and a marker in <i>BST2</i>, associated statistically with the risk of getting MS, while markers in or near <i>APOBEC3s</i> and <i>TREXs</i> showed little or no effect. This indicates that the two <i>TRIMs</i> and <i>BST2</i> influence the risk of disease and thus supports the hypothesis of a viral involvement. </p> </div

Genetic risk score for <i>CYP2R1</i> (rs10741657 and rs10766197) (Figure A), <i>GC</i> (r4588 and rs842999) (figure B) and <i>CYP2R1</i> (rs10741657 and rs10766197) and <i>GC</i> (r4588 and rs842999) (figure C) in children, adults and all combined.

<p>X-axis stands for the sum of risk alleles. Y-axis stand for serum 25(OH)D (nmol/L). Errors bars stand for 95%-confidence interval and serum 25(OH)D concentrations are given as geometric means. Linear mixed models with family as a random factor, adjusted for age, sex, BMI, ski and sun holidays, solarium use at least once a week, dietary vitamin D intake, multivitamin and vitamin D supplement users was conducted to compare sum of risk alleles and serum 25(OH)D concentrations. Increasing number of risk alleles give rise to decreasing 25(OH)D concentrations.</p

Basic characteristics of the study population and determinants of serum 25(OH)D concentrations

<p>*Mean ± SD.</p

Distribution of <i>CYP2R1</i> haplotype combinations and serum 25(OH)D concentrations in children, adults and all combined.

<p>Bold numbers represent significant P values.</p><p>Haplotype combinations were manually inferred and numbered. Homozygote haplotype combinations were numbered 11, 22, 33 and 44. The combinations of the heterozygote haplotypes (12 to 24) were given by one number of each homozygote haplotype e.g. 11+ 22 = 12.</p><p>* Also haplotype combination 34, but the most likely haplotype combination is 12.</p>1<p><i>M</i> major allele, <i>m</i> minor allele.</p>2<p>Raw geometric mean of serum 25(OH)D concentrations (nmol/L) and corresponding 95%-confidence interval.</p>3<p>Adjusted geometric mean of 25(OH)D concentrations (nmol/L) ) and corresponding 95%-confidence interval. Linear mixed models with family as a random factor, adjusted for age, sex, BMI, ski and sun holidays, use of solarium, dietary vitamin D intake, use of multivitamin and vitamin D supplements.</p>adj<p>Adjusted P values. Haplotype combination 44 was excluded in the linear mixed model due to inadequate participants carrying this haplotype combination.</p

Additional file 1: Figure S1. of Early biliary decompression versus conservative treatment in acute biliary pancreatitis (APEC trial): study protocol for a randomized controlled trial

Flowchart APEC trial according to CONSORT [43]. (PDF 6 kb

Additional file 3: Table S1. of Early biliary decompression versus conservative treatment in acute biliary pancreatitis (APEC trial): study protocol for a randomized controlled trial

Definitions of the primary endpoint. (DOC 35 kb