Supplementary Material KMQ_final:This word file includes 3 tables and the figure legend for supplementary figure 1. from Maternal effects and <i>Symbiodinium</i> community composition drive differential patterns in juvenile survival in the coral <i>Acropora tenuis</i>

Coral endosymbionts in the dinoflagellate genus <i>Symbiodinium</i> are known to impact host physiology and have led to the evolution of reef-building, but less is known about how symbiotic communities in early life-history stages and their interactions with host parental identity shape the structure of coral communities on reefs. Differentiating the roles of environmental and biological factors driving variation in population demographic processes, particularly larval settlement, early juvenile survival and the onset of symbiosis is a key to understanding how coral communities are structured and to predicting how they are likely to respond to climate change. We show that maternal effects (that here include genetic and/or effects related to the maternal environment) can explain nearly 24% of variation in larval settlement success and 5–17% of variation in juvenile survival in an experimental study of the reef-building scleractinian coral, <i>Acropora tenuis</i>. After 25 days on the reef, <i>Symbiodinium</i> communities associated with juvenile corals differed significantly between high mortality and low mortality families based on estimates of taxonomic richness, composition and relative abundance of taxa. Our results highlight that maternal and familial effects significantly explain variation in juvenile survival and symbiont communities in a broadcast-spawning coral, with <i>Symbiodinium</i> type A3 possibly a critical symbiotic partner during this early life-stage

Supp.Fig.1.weights_surv This TIFF is supplementary figure 1. from Maternal effects and <i>Symbiodinium</i> community composition drive differential patterns in juvenile survival in the coral <i>Acropora tenuis</i>

Coral endosymbionts in the dinoflagellate genus <i>Symbiodinium</i> are known to impact host physiology and have led to the evolution of reef-building, but less is known about how symbiotic communities in early life-history stages and their interactions with host parental identity shape the structure of coral communities on reefs. Differentiating the roles of environmental and biological factors driving variation in population demographic processes, particularly larval settlement, early juvenile survival and the onset of symbiosis is a key to understanding how coral communities are structured and to predicting how they are likely to respond to climate change. We show that maternal effects (that here include genetic and/or effects related to the maternal environment) can explain nearly 24% of variation in larval settlement success and 5–17% of variation in juvenile survival in an experimental study of the reef-building scleractinian coral, <i>Acropora tenuis</i>. After 25 days on the reef, <i>Symbiodinium</i> communities associated with juvenile corals differed significantly between high mortality and low mortality families based on estimates of taxonomic richness, composition and relative abundance of taxa. Our results highlight that maternal and familial effects significantly explain variation in juvenile survival and symbiont communities in a broadcast-spawning coral, with <i>Symbiodinium</i> type A3 possibly a critical symbiotic partner during this early life-stage

Change in <i>Symbiodinium</i> D∶C cell ratios (±1 SE) over time in <i>Acropora tenuis</i> juveniles at 28, 30, or 31°C in: (a) high light (390 µmol photons m⁻² s⁻¹), or (b) low light levels (180 µmol photons m⁻² s⁻¹).

<p>Dotted line represents equal proportions of <i>Symbiodinium</i> types D and C cells within the juveniles. Ratios closer to 1 are dominated by type D; ratios closer to 0 are dominated by type C. N = 20 per data point.</p

Repeated measures ANOVA results comparing changes in D∶C cell ratios in <i>Acropora tenuis</i> juveniles kept at three temperatures (28, 30, or 31°C) by two light levels (390 µmol photons m⁻² s⁻¹ or 180 µmol photons m⁻² s⁻¹).

<p>Within-subjects factor Day was 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, and 20.</p

Change in <i>Symbiodinium</i> D∶C cell ratios (±1 SE) over time in <i>Acropora millepora</i> juveniles at 28, 30, or 31°C in: (a) high light (390 µmol photons m⁻² s⁻¹), or (b) low light levels (180 µmol photons m⁻² s⁻¹).

<p>Dotted line represents equal proportions of <i>Symbiodinium</i> types D and C cells within the juveniles. Ratios closer to 1 are dominated by type D; ratios closer to 0 are dominated by type C. N = 10 per data point.</p

Pigmentation ratios (±1 SE) of coral juveniles kept at 28, 30, or 31°C and under high light (a,b; 390 µmol photons m⁻² s⁻¹) or low light (c,d; 180 µmol photons m⁻² s⁻¹) levels.

<p>Pigmentation ratios were calculated after 10 (<i>A. tenuis</i> a, c) or 15 (<i>A. millepora</i> b, d) days of exposure to <i>Symbiodinium</i>, and again after a further 10 or 15 days in filtered sea water (1 µm) without additional exposure to <i>Symbiodinium</i>. See <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0050311#pone-0050311-t001" target="_blank">Table 1</a> for sample sizes.</p

ANOVA results comparing the pigmentation ratio in <i>A. tenuis</i> juveniles exposed to three temperatures (28, 30, or 31°C) by two light levels (390 µmol photons m⁻² s⁻¹ or 180 µmol photons m⁻² s⁻¹) over a period of 20 days.

<p>Samples were taken on days 10 and 20. Fixed factors were Day, Light, and Temperature. Significant differences were further explored by Tukey's test.</p

ANOVA results comparing the number of cells per polyp found in <i>A. tenuis</i> juveniles exposed to three temperatures (28, 30, or 31°C) by two light levels (390 µmol photons m⁻² s⁻¹ or 180 µmol photons m⁻² s⁻¹) over a period of 20 days.

<p>Samples were taken on days 2, 10 and 20. Fixed factors were Day, Light, and Temperature. Significant differences were further explored by Tukey's test.</p

Visual assessment of <i>Symbiodinium</i> uptake.

<p>Juveniles were scored in two categories (white or pigmented) according to pigmentation levels. The specimen on the left is a typical “white” juvenile while the two on the right represent a range of “pigmented” juveniles.</p

Summary of total number of juveniles counted at each temperature by light treatment during the mid-experiment census (mid) and for the census at the end of the experiment (end).

<p>Summary of total number of juveniles counted at each temperature by light treatment during the mid-experiment census (mid) and for the census at the end of the experiment (end).</p