Compressive strength of ice and cellulose-ice composite

This paper aims to give an insight into the compressive strength of the icecellulose composite which was recently used to build two challenging reinforced ice structures in Juuka, Finland: (1) a large reinforced arch bridge inspired by Leonardo Da Vinci and (2) a hypar shell inspired in Félix Candela. A comparison with the behaviour of ice specimens extracted from the Lake Pielinen is also provided.</p

On-site geometrical measurements of an experimental ice composite shell through TLS and photogrammetry

Measurement techniques for determining the thickness and shape of ice structures can be divided into contact and non-contact methods. The non-contact methods are the most appropriate for measuring relatively thin fiber reinforced ice shells because they hold no risk for damages. Furthermore, these measurement techniques can be repeated during the icing process, which, additionally, enables to produce intermediate results. This paper describes the 3D measurement and modelling methods used for the “Candela pavilion” that was built by university students and staff in the framework of an international project in Juuka, Finland during the winter of early 2016.</p

Influence of corner and edge distance of adhesive point-fixings for glass structures

Nowadays, bolted point-fixings are widely used, which implies that the glass has to be drilled and tempered. Consequently, the glass is significantly weakened exactly at the position where peak stresses occur when forces are applied. In contrast, this disadvantage does not occur when adhesive technologies are used in which the glass is directly bonded at discrete points. From bolted point-fixings, it is well-known that the distance between the connection and on the one hand the glass corner and on the other hand the glass edge are major parameters that influence the strength and behaviour of the connection. However, for adhesive point-fixings this influence has not been extensively investigated yet. Consequently, in this paper the results of a thorough experimental study of the influence of the corner and edge distance on a full-scale glass panel supported by adhesive point-fixings is published and analysed. A numerical model is constructed and validated with the experimental results. By means of a parametric study on this numerical model the effects of several parameters, such as geometrical dimensions and material properties, are studied. The experimental and numerical results demonstrate that the corner and edge distance have a significant influence on the stress distribution and deflection of the glass panel: stresses and deformations are reduced with increasing corner and edge distance. However, from a certain distance the location of maximal stress and deflection will shift from the centre to the corner and edge causing the stresses and deformations to rise again. From the parametric study the influence of several material and geometrical parameters are investigated, and an optimal distance can be found. Increasing the glass thickness, the connection diameter, the adhesive stiffness and the adhesive thickness will have a positive effect on the occurring stresse

Compressive strength of ice and cellulose-ice composite

This paper aims to give an insight into the compressive strength of the icecellulose composite which was recently used to build two challenging reinforced ice structures in Juuka, Finland: (1) a large reinforced arch bridge inspired by Leonardo Da Vinci and (2) a hypar shell inspired in Félix Candela. A comparison with the behaviour of ice specimens extracted from the Lake Pielinen is also provided

Structural contribution of glass in Saint-Hubertus Galleries

Many of the glass-covered iron and steel frames from the nineteenth and twentieth centuries now require renovation. During rehabilitation, the question arises of how to preserve built heritage while fulfilling modern standards on safety and structural integrity. In a traditional recalculation, the glass panels are considered to be dead load on the iron frame, leading to the conclusion that the original frame requires strengthening. This paper presents a calculation that takes the contribution of the glass plates into account while assessing historical glass coverings. The overall structural behaviour of the iron and glass roof of the Saint-Hubertus Galleries, Belgium, was simulated and a parameter study was performed using a finite-element software package. The original structure comprises a wrought-iron frame clad with single glass panes connected to the glazing bars with traditional linseed-oil putty. The behaviour of the original structure, the influence of the application of modern adhesives and sealants, and the replacement of single with laminated glass plates is investigated. Although building such models is time consuming, including glass panes in the model leads to lower stresses, deflections and a better buckling behaviour, even if connected with linseed-oil putty

On-site geometrical measurements of an experimental ice composite shell through TLS and photogrammetry

Measurement techniques for determining the thickness and shape of ice structures can be divided into contact and non-contact methods. The non-contact methods are the most appropriate for measuring relatively thin fiber reinforced ice shells because they hold no risk for damages. Furthermore, these measurement techniques can be repeated during the icing process, which, additionally, enables to produce intermediate results. This paper describes the 3D measurement and modelling methods used for the “Candela pavilion” that was built by university students and staff in the framework of an international project in Juuka, Finland during the winter of early 2016

On-site geometrical measurements of an experimental ice composite shell through TLS and photogrammetry

Measurement techniques for determining the thickness and shape of ice structures can be divided into contact and non-contact methods. The non-contact methods are the most appropriate for measuring relatively thin fiber reinforced ice shells because they hold no risk for damages. Furthermore, these measurement techniques can be repeated during the icing process, which, additionally, enables to produce intermediate results. This paper describes the 3D measurement and modelling methods used for the “Candela pavilion” that was built by university students and staff in the framework of an international project in Juuka, Finland during the winter of early 2016

Reinforced ice structures:in the footsteps of Candela

Based on project experience over the last years, fibre reinforced ice has proven to be a strong and suitable building material for temporary structures in a cold environment. Unlike traditional igloo structures, no stacked blocks are used. Instead, relatively thin shells are created by spraying subsequent thin layers of water mixed with cellulose fibres on inflatable formwork which is removed afterwards. This paper describes the overall design process and construction of a full-scale cellulose-ice composite structure, inspired by Félix Candela’s famous reinforced concrete hypar shells. The project was built by university students and staff in the framework of an international project in Finland during the winter of early 2016.</p