Pergament oder: was haben Tiere jemals für uns getan?

Dieser Artikel unternimmt den Versuch, das Thema Pergament um einige Blickwinkel zu erweitern, die hauptsächlich die Tiere betreffen, aus deren Häuten dieser Beschreibstoff hergestellt wird bzw. wurde. Ein kurzer Abriss zum Herstellungsprozess dient dabei als Grundlage, die um eine ebenso knappe historische Entwicklungs- und Nutzungsgeschichte ergänzt wird. Anschließend werden einige nicht allzu ernst gemeinte quantitative Zahlenspielereien präsentiert, um die schiere Zahl der geschlachteten Tiere zu zeigen, die für die in den Altbeständen befindlichen Pergamentcodices notwendig gewesen sein müssten. Der zweite Hauptpunkt des Artikels ergänzt einige archäozoologische und agrarhistorische Aspekte zu den wichtigsten pergamentliefernden Tieren, also zu Schafen, Ziegen und Rindern, im deutschen Mittelalter

Ländersteckbrief: Israel

Auf wenigen Seiten wird die bibliothekarische Situation des Landes Israel beschrieben. Nach einem historischen Abriss werden die verschiedenen Bibliothekstypen vorgestellt. Neben der Nationalbibliothek und den Wissenschaftlichen Bibliotheken wird auch das System der Öffentlichen Bibliotheken beleuchtet. Auch Besonderheiten werden genannt: wie sich die Lage in den arabischen Siedlungen gestaltet oder was in Sachen Leseförderung getan wird. Zum Abschluss soll schlaglichtartig gezeigt werden, wie vor Ort mit der Corona-Pandemie umgegangen wird

A TEMPORAL AND SPATIAL ANALYSIS OF EROSION PROCESSES IN CALANCHI BADLANDS. A CASE STUDY FROM THE UPPER ORCIA VALLEY WITH STATE-OF-THE-ART METHODOLOGIES

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Saisonale Variabilität des Einflusses von Karsttributären auf die hydrologische Entwicklung der Altmühl (Bayern)

Im Bereich des Karstgebietes der Südlichen Frankenalb wurde der Einfluss der Schüttung verschiedener Karstquellen auf das hydrologische Verhalten der Altmühl untersucht. Jedoch lassen sich in Karstgebieten aufgrund der karsttypischen Besonderheiten keine einfachen N-Q- Beziehungen für die jeweiligen Quelleinzugsgebiete angeben. Daher wurden nur Schüttungsaufzeichnungen der Karstquellen als Inputdaten für die Modellierung des Abflussverhaltens der Altmühl herangezogen. Mit Hilfe des ATV-DVWK-Gewässergütemodells wurden in mehreren Szenarien die Auswirkungen und die Bedeutung der Schüttung von Karstquellen und einigen Nebengewässern auf den Abfluss der Altmühl dargestellt. Insbesondere in den Sommermonaten tragen die Karstquellen erheblich zum Abfluss der Altmühl bei, während im Winter das Wasser überwiegend aus dem mittelfränkischen Vorland stammt.The influence of several karst springs and tributaries to the hydrological behaviour of a surface river was examined for the example of the Altmühl River (South Franconian Alb, Bavaria). Simple relations between precipitation and discharge of karst springs are uncommon for karst areas. Instead discharge hydrographs of the different karst springs were used for modelling of the hydrological properties of the surface river. To evaluate the importance of the hydrological characteristics of karst springs and other tributaries to the Altmühl discharge the ATV-DVWK water quality model was applied. Especially during summer karst springs show a high contribution to the water quantity of the Altmühl River whereas in winter most water comes from the upper catchment, which is located outside the South Franconian Alb in the Mid-Franconian foreland

Long-term monitoring (1953–2019) of geomorphologically active sections of Little Ice Age lateral moraines in the context of changing meteorological conditions

We show a long-term erosion monitoring of several geomorphologically active gully systems on Little Ice Age lateral moraines in the European Central–Eastern Alps, covering a total time period from 1953 to 2019 and including several survey periods in order to identify corresponding morphodynamic trends. For the implementation, DEM (digital elevation model) of Differences (DoDs) were calculated, based on multitemporal high-resolution digital elevation models from historical aerial images (generated by structure from motion photogrammetry with multi-view stereo) and light detection and ranging from airborne platforms. Two approaches were implemented to achieve the corresponding objectives. First, by calculating linear regression models using the accumulated sediment yield and the corresponding catchment area (on a log–log scale), the range of the variability in the spatial distribution of erosion values within the sites. Second, we use volume calculations to determine the total and the mean sediment yield (as well as erosion rates) of the entire sites. Subsequently, both the sites and the different time periods of both approaches are compared. Based on the slopes of the calculated regression lines, it can be shown that the highest variability in the sediment yield at the sites occurs in the first time period (mainly 1950s to 1970s). This can be attributed to the fact that within some sites the sediment yield per square metre increases clearly more strongly (regression lines with slopes up to 1.5). In contrast, in the later time periods (1970s to mid-2000s and mid-2000s to 2017/2019), there is generally a decrease in 10 out of 12 cases (regression lines with slopes around 1). However, even at sites with an increase in the variability in the sediment yield over time, the earlier high variabilities are no longer reached. This means that the spatial pattern of erosion in the gully heads changes over time as it becomes more uniform. Furthermore, using sediment volume calculations and corresponding erosion rates, we show a generally decreasing trend in geomorphic activity (amount of sediment yield) between the different time periods in 10 out of 12 sites, while 2 sites show an opposite trend, where morphodynamics increase and remain at the same level. Finally, we summarise the results of long-term changes in the morphodynamics of geomorphologically active areas on lateral moraines by presenting the “sediment activity concept”, which, in contrast to theoretical models, is based on actually calculated erosion. The level of geomorphic activity depends strongly on the characteristics of the sites, such as size, slope length, and slope gradient, some of which are associated with deeply incised gullies. It is noticeable that especially areas with influence of dead ice over decades in the lower slope area show high geomorphic activity. Furthermore, we show that system internal factors, as well as the general paraglacial adjustment process, have a greater influence on long-term morphodynamics than changing external weather and climate conditions, which, however, had a slight impact mainly in the last, i.e. most recent, time period (mid-2000s to 2017/2019) and may have led to an increase in erosion at the sites

ISRCTN12125882 - Influence of topical anti-VEGF (Ranibizumab) on the outcome of filtration surgery for glaucoma - Study Protocol

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Excessive wound healing, with scarring of the episcleral tissue or encapsulation of the filtering bleb is the main reason for failure in trabeculectomy. Ranibizumab, an inhibitor of the Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF), is seen as a promising candidate to prevent or treat extensive wound healing. We describe the design of a two phased study, i) assessing the local tolerability and safety of topical ranibizumab and ii) assessing the efficacy of topical ranibizumab against placebo in patients who underwent trabeculectomy with mitomycin C combined with phacoemulsification and intra ocular lens (IOL) implantation.</p> <p>Methods/Design</p> <p>In the first phase five patients that had trabeculectomy with mitomycin C combined with phacoemulsification and IOL implantation will be treated with topical ranibizumab (Lucentis^®) eye drops (2 mg/ml) four times daily for one month. The treatment will be started at the first postoperative day. Patients will be assessed for local and systemic side effects using a standardised schedule. In the second phase, after successful completion of phase 1, consenting eligible patients who underwent trabeculectomy with mitomycin C combined with phacoemulsification and IOL implantation will be randomised to either receive topical ranibizumab eye drops (2 mg/ml) four times daily for 1 month or placebo (BSS 4x/d for 1 month). Patients will be reviewed weekly for 4 weeks until conjunctival sutures are removed. Further follow up examinations are planned after 3 and six months. Assessment of differences in the intraocular eye pressure will be considered primary, and bleb appearance/vascularisation using a standardized photography and the Moorfields bleb grading system, postoperative intraocular pressure and conjunctival wound healing problems will be considered secondary outcome parameters.</p> <p>Discussion</p> <p>Anti-VEGF-antibodies might be more effective in preventing scaring and might have fewer toxic side effects than the currently used anti-metabolites and may replace them in the long term.</p> <p>Trial Registration</p> <p>ISRCTN: <a href="http://www.controlled-trials.com/ISRCTN12125882">ISRCTN12125882</a></p