Etnicidad, nacionalismo y el Estado en Afganistán

The paper begins by surveying the cultural, linguistic, occupational and sectarian diversity of Afghanistan's population, going on to discuss the origins of the modern Afghan state in the reign of Amir Abdur Rahman Khan in the late 19th century. It explains that it has almost always been dominated by Pashtuns, particularly Durranis, and that this has often been resented by non-Pashtuns. It looks at the way that starting in the 1920s efforts were made to link Afghan national identity with Pashtun culture and values. Opposition to King Amanullah's modernisation programme led to his departure in 1928. For a brief period in 1929 a Tajik ruler, Habibullah II, held power, but Amanullah's third cousin, Nadir Khan, soon restored the Durrani monarchy. A renewed emphasis on the Pashtun character of the Afghan state followed, with for instance Pashtu being proclaimed the official language in 1937. After drawing attention to the significance of the Prime Minister Daud Khan's support for an independent Pashtun state, Pashtunistan, in the 1950s, the paper looks at the emergence of a somewhat more inclusive ethos and a stronger sense of a shared national identity in the 1960s. Finally it examines the impact of the Saor Revolution in April 1978, the anti-Soviet jihad of the 1980s and the rise of Taliban in the mid-1990s on identity, concluding that ethnic divisions and tensions became more marked in the last quarter of the 20th century

Experiences of a first-episode psychosis by a psychology graduate student

No abstract available

The future of corporate reporting: a review article

Significant changes in the corporate external reporting environment have led to proposals for fundamental changes in corporate reporting practices. Recent influential reports by major organisations have suggested that a variety of new information types be reported, in particular forward-looking, non-financial and soft information. This paper presents a review and synthesis of these reports and provides a framework for classifying and describing suggested information types. The existence of academic antecedents for certain current proposals are identified and the ambiguous relationship between research and practice is explored. The implications for future academic research are discussed and a research agenda is introduced

Afghanistan

Since 1905 Britain had paid the Afghan ruler, Amir Habibullah, a subsidy and had controlled Afghanistan's foreign relations, and he maintained Afghanistan's neutrality throughout WWI in spite of strong pressure to induce him to join the Central Powers. The war did not have much of an impact on most Afghans (although there were shortages of some commodities), but many died in the global influenza outbreak which began in 1918. When the war ended Britain failed to reward the Amir for his refusal to take advantage of British weakness during it, and he was assassinated early in 1919. His successor, Amir Amanullah, launched the third Anglo-Afghan War, following which the country became fully independent, but Amanullah's hasty modernization was to lead to his overthrow in 1929

Book review: Decentering Empire: Britain, India and the Transcolonial World

This article reviews the book: “Decentering Empire: Britain, India and the Transcolonial World”, by Durba Ghosh and Dane Kennedy

Case studies in rural co-operatives: three studies of the organisation and management or rural co-operatives providing post-harvest facilities in the kiwifruit industry: a research report submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Agricultural Business and Administration at Massey University

The co-operative ownership structure is one that is commonly encountered in New Zealand's agricultural industry. This type of organisation would appear to have a number of natural advantages that should make it very competitive in modern agri-business. However it is apparent at least some co-operatives have not lived up to their members' expectations. This research project has been undertaken to identify some of the problems of co-operative enterprise and to provide some possible strategies to improve their operation. This report examines the management and organisational practices of three co-operative enterprises providing post-harvest facilities in the Kiwifruit industry. The research follows a longitudinal case study approach, with each co-operative described in terms of the six dimensions of history, facilities, shareholding, direction, operation and finance. The material generated by the study is discussed within a framework of central issues, established from evidence of other co-operative activity, both in New Zealand and overseas. The report concludes with a description of some 14 common problems, and a discussion concerning the effectiveness of management and organisational measures that have been implemented as possible solutions. It then goes on to outline 10 general strategies that could be of significance in the improved operation of rural co-operatives

Climate change, forest conservation and science: A case study of New Zealand, 1860s-1920

To most of its European settlers, New Zealand was a land blessed by Providence. A temperate climate and year-round rainfall, easy availability of land and myriad work opportunities attracted many to the new colony. Climate and health figured prominently in migration considerations and many writers took delight in pointing out, as propagandist John Ward did to intending migrants in 1839, that in New Zealand: A never-failing moisture is dispersed over the country by the clouds which collect on the mountain-tops, without the occurrence of rainy seasons, beyond storms of a few days’ duration. This refreshing moisture, combined with the influence of the sea-breezes, renders the climate very favourable to the health, and development, of the human frame. And vegetation is, from the same cause, highly luxuriant, and the verdure almost perpetual

Labour as a constraint to increases in agricultural production : a comparative study of three distinctive farming environments within one agricultural system : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Geography at Massey University

A critical question facing economic policymakers today is whether agriculture will be able to play its traditional role in lifting export earnings through increases in the volume of production. One factor which is thought to have constrained agricultural development is the availability and price of farm labour. The following study examines the dimensions of the "labour problem" and attempts to assess the impact of this problem on an expansion of agricultural output. The research draws extensively on geographical principles for the spatial design. One farming system is selected, and within this, the farm labour problem is examined in three distinctive environments, differentiated by topographical criteria and a gradient of isolation from a major urban area. The labour problem, conceptualised in the four dimensions of cost, availability, retention and efficiency, is assessed within these environments. From the empirical research, the labour problem appears to be of greater magnitude in the hill country farm environment, which is considered by recent agricultural appraisals as having the potential for immediate, sustainable and sizable production increases. This raises implications for future policy formulation. The study arrives at two principal conclusions. Firstly, the cost of the labour unit is the major inhibiting factor to increased employment on farms. Secondly, the on-farm shortage of skilled labour does not appear to have a limiting impact on production levels between farms, but it does elicit a certain management response towards less labour-intensive systems of production. The short and long term production consequences of this are as yet uncertain, and should provide a major focus for research in the 1980's