Estudio de sistemas renovables avanzados para el desarrollo energético sostenible

Tesis por compendio[ES] La energía juega un papel fundamental en el desarrollo sostenible de las comunidades. Así, proporcionar recursos energéticos fiables, económicamente aceptables, medioambientalmente respetuosos y socialmente beneficiosos, resulta esencial para el desarrollo sostenible de las mismas. A pesar de la universalidad de dicha definición, el uso de la energía está muy vinculada al nivel de desarrollo de los países. De este modo, la problemática energética de los países desarrollados contrasta enormemente con la de los países en desarrollo. En esta tesis doctoral se ha identificado la principal problemática energética de ambas realidades: grave impacto medioambiental de los modelos de generación del transporte tradicionales en los países desarrollados y pobreza energética en los países en desarrollo. A partir del compendio de artículos científicos de esta tesis doctoral se ha caracterizado el uso de sistemas renovables avanzados que permite solucionar dicha problemática de forma sostenible. En concreto, el principal problema energético en países desarrollados ha sido tratado mediante la planificación energética y el diseño óptimo de sistemas híbridos de energías renovables (HRES por sus siglas en inglés) en electrolineras, necesarios para la introducción de vehículos eléctricos como alternativa de movilidad sostenible. Por otro lado, el estudio de metodologías de diseño óptimas de HRES off grid y de las estufas para cocinar mejoradas mediante gasificación de biomasa se ha focalizado en la inaccesibilidad eléctrica y a sistemas de cocina limpia que sufren las comunidades en desarrollo. Así, esta tesis aporta una serie de metodologías para optimizar y adecuar los sistemas renovables presentados para el desarrollo energético sostenible de las comunidades. Además, no sólo demuestra la idoneidad de estos sistemas para dicho fin, sino también su versatilidad de aplicación en función del nivel de crecimiento de las comunidades.[CA] L'energia juga un paper fonamental en el desenvolupament sostenible de les comunitats. Així, proporcionar recursos energètics fiables, econòmicament acceptables, mediambientalment respectuosos i socialment beneficiosos, resulta essencial per al desenvolupament sostenibles de les mateixes. A pesar de la universalitat d'aquesta definició, l'ús de la energia està vinculada al nivell de desenvolupament dels països. D'aquesta manera, la problemàtica energètica dels països desenvolupats contrasta enormement amb la dels països en desenvolupament. A aquesta tesis doctoral s'ha identificat la principal problemàtica energètica d'ambdues realitats: greu impacte mediambiental dels models de generació del transport tradicional en els països desenvolupats i pobresa energètica en els països en desenvolupament. A partir del compendi d'articles científics d'aquesta tesis doctoral s'ha caracteritzat l'ús de sistemes renovables avançats que permet solucionar aquesta problemàtica de manera sostenible. En concret, el principal problema energètic en països desenvolupats s'ha tractat mitjançant la planificació energètica i el disseny òptim de sistemes híbrids d'energies renovables (HRES, per les seues segles en anglès) en electrolineres, necessaris per la introducció de vehicles elèctrics com alternativa de mobilitat sostenible. D'altra banda, l'estudi de metodologies de disseny òptimes de HRES off grid i d'estufes per a cuinar millorades mitjançant gasificació de biomassa s'ha focalitzat en la inaccessibilitat elèctrica i a sistemes de cuina neta que pateixen les comunitats en desenvolupament. Així, aquesta tesis aporta una sèrie de metodologies per optimitzar i adequar el sistemes renovables presentats per al desenvolupament energètic sostenible de les comunitats. A més, no tan sols demostra la idoneïtat d'aquests sistemes per a aqueix fi, sinó també la seua versatilitat d'aplicació en funció del nivell de creixement de les comunitats.[EN] Energy plays a significant role for the sustainable development of communities. Hence, supplying reliable energy resources, which result economically acceptable, environmentally friendly and socially beneficial, arises as essential for their sustainable development. Despite the universality of such definition, the energy use is highly linked to the development degree of the countries. Thus, energy problems of developed countries sharply contrast with those of developing countries. This doctoral thesis identifies the main energy issues of both realities: severe environmental impact of energy generation models for traditional transport in developed countries and energy poverty in developing countries. The compendium of scientific papers of this doctoral dissertation characterizes the use of advanced renewable energy systems to solve such problems in a sustainable way. Namely, the main energy issue in developed countries has been addressed by means of energy planning and the optimal design of Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems (HRES) in electric vehicle charging stations, which ensure the introduction of electric vehicles as a sustainable mobility alternative. Moreover, the study of methodologies for the optimal design of off grid HRES and improved cooking stoves based on biomass gasification have approached the inaccessibility to electricity and to clean cooking systems that developing communities suffer. Therefore, this thesis provides a number of methodologies to optimize and adapt the presented renewable energy systems for the sustainable energy development of communities. Furthermore, it demonstrates not only the suitability of these systems for such aim, but also their versatility of application regarding the growing degree of the communities.Bastida Molina, P. (2021). Estudio de sistemas renovables avanzados para el desarrollo energético sostenible [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/172548TESISCompendi

Experience with synchronous and asynchronous tools in online teaching: Application to Thermal Renewable Energies of the Degree in Energy Engineering at UPV due to the pandemic produced by COVID-19

[EN] Due to the pandemic provoked by COVID-19 in March 2020, the Polytechnic University of Valencia (UPV), following the Government's guidelines, changed the modality of the formal lectures from face-to-face to online non-face-to-face teaching. Professors and students had the challenge of adapting to the new model in one week to finish the semester. In this paper, the results of applying online teaching using both: synchronous and asynchronous lectures and the comparison with the traditional course are shown. The synchronous tools used were MS Teams and skype. Among the asynchronous tools used to create the screencast videos are PoliformaT (Own tool created by UPV), MS Powerpoint, MSRecorder and ODB. The platforms used to upload and public the produced videos are media UPV and YouTube. Also, professors use PoliformaT to create exams and task and to send messages and students to send works, carry out exams and access to the information shared by professors.This work was supported in part by the regional public administration of Valencia under the grant ACIF/2018/106Vargas Salgado, CA.; Bastida Molina, P.; Alcázar Ortega, M.; Montuori, L. (2021). Experience with synchronous and asynchronous tools in online teaching: Application to Thermal Renewable Energies of the Degree in Energy Engineering at UPV due to the pandemic produced by COVID-19. En Proceedings INNODOCT/20. International Conference on Innovation, Documentation and Education. Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València. 175-184. https://doi.org/10.4995/INN2020.2020.11879OCS17518

Methodology to evaluate the feasibility of local biomass resources as a fuel for building boilers. Application to a Mediterranean area

[EN] The massive implementation of distributed energy resources based on biofuels requires a complex methodology to assess the optimal energy valorization options and economic feasibility. This paper has focused on producing pellets for boilers. The work focuses on the residential and commercial sectors. To consume local biomass, it must be considered the availability of potential customers, biomass availability, properties, and dispersion to evaluate transport cost. The developed methodology was applied to three different counties of the Valencian Community (typical of Mediterranean areas). Biomass resources for different counties have been quantified and characterized regarding key issues as heating value and ash content. Considering every evaluated area (the typical total area in the range 600 to 1800 km2) as a biomass management unit, the impact of pellet production plant size and biomass transport costs for three different counties was evaluated. However, different balances between biomass resources availability and self-consumption potentials are obtained, the economic feasibility of pellet plants was acceptable in the three cases with payback periods from 5 to 6 years.Alfonso-Solar, D.; Vargas-Salgado, C.; Hurtado-Perez, E.; Bastida-Molina, P. (2022). Methodology to evaluate the feasibility of local biomass resources as a fuel for building boilers. Application to a Mediterranean area. Área de Innovación y Desarrollo,S.L. 21-29. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/181099S212

Methodology for the implementation of e-learning class during the COVID-19

[EN] The serious situation caused by the coronavirus has forced Authorities to take drastic decisions that have affected the normal functioning of the entire society. One of the most impactful measures taken has been the self-discipline of the social distancing as the entire society has been obliged to stay at home. At the education level, restrictions ordered by the Authorities have limited the access to all professors and students at the academic centers. In Spain, the state of alarm decreed by the Government has affected the entire Academic course and therefore, in order to be able to preserve the public service, the Polytechnic University of Valencia, in just a week, has been asked to revise the entire programs and settle on-line courses for more than 35.000 students in multiples disciplines. Within this framework, a methodology has been developed for the implementation of on-line learning courses in a period of crisis within a short time. On-line learning has been demonstrated to be effective as face-to-face education, becoming one of the most popular higher education alternatives. However, students engaged in on-line classes result to be less engaged in collaborative learning, student-faculty interactions, and discussions with their classmates if compared to the traditional system. In this context, the barriers of on-line teaching classes have been investigated and tools to overcome them have been proposed. Finally, a real application to the Polytechnic University of Valencia is presented.This work was supported in part by the regional public administration of Valencia under the grant ACIF/2018/106.Montuori, L.; Alcázar-Ortega, M.; Vargas Salgado, CA.; Bastida Molina, P. (2021). Methodology for the implementation of e-learning class during the COVID-19. En Proceedings INNODOCT/20. International Conference on Innovation, Documentation and Education. Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València. 155-163. https://doi.org/10.4995/INN2020.2020.11877OCS15516

Application of Artificial intelligence to high education: empowerment of flipped classroom with just-in-time teaching

[EN] In the so-called society 4.0, Artificial Intelligence (AI) is being widely used in many areas of life. Machine learning uses mathematical algorithms based on "training data", which are able to make predictions or take decisions with the ability to change their behavior through a self-training approach. Furthermore, thanks to AI, a large volume of data can be now processed with the overall goal to extract patterns and transform the information into a comprehensible structure for further utilization, which manually done by humans would easily take several years. In this framework, this article explores the potential of AI and machine learning to empower flipped classroom with just-in-time teaching (JiTT). JiTT is a pedagogical method that can be easily combined with the reverse teaching. It allows professors to receive feedback from students before class, so they may be able to adapt the lesson flow, as well as preparing strategies and activities focused on the student deficiencies. This research explores the application of AI in high education as a tool to analyze the key variables involved in the learning process of students and to integrate JiTT within the flipped classroom. Finally, a case of application of this methodology is presented, applied to the course of Energy Markets taught at the Polytechnic University of Valencia.This work was supported in part by the regional public administration of Valencia under the grant ACIF/2018/106.Montuori, L.; Alcázar Ortega, M.; Bastida Molina, P.; Vargas Salgado, CA. (2021). Application of Artificial intelligence to high education: empowerment of flipped classroom with just-in-time teaching. En Proceedings INNODOCT/20. International Conference on Innovation, Documentation and Education. Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València. 223-231. https://doi.org/10.4995/INN2020.2020.11896OCS22323

Light electric vehicle charging strategy for low impact on the grid

[EN] The alarming increase in the average temperature of the planet due to the massive emission of greenhouse gases has stimulated the introduction of electric vehicles (EV), given transport sector is responsible for more than 25% of the total global CO2 emissions. EV penetration will substantially increase electricity demand and, therefore, an optimization of the EV recharging scenario is needed to make full use of the existing electricity generation system without upgrading requirements. In this paper, a methodology based on the use of the temporal valleys in the daily electricity demand is developed for EVrecharge, avoiding the peak demand hours to minimize the impact on the grid. The methodology assumes three different strategies for the recharge activities: home, public buildings, and electrical stations. It has been applied to the case of Spain in the year 2030, assuming three different scenarios for the growth of the total fleet: low, medium, and high. For each of them, three different levels for the EV penetration by the year 2030 are considered: 25%, 50%, and 75%, respectively. Only light electric vehicles (LEV), cars and motorcycles, are taken into account given the fact that batteries are not yet able to provide the full autonomy desired by heavy vehicles. Moreover, heavy vehicles have different travel uses that should be separately considered. Results for the fraction of the total recharge to be made in each of the different recharge modes are deduced with indication of the time intervals to be used in each of them. For the higher penetration scenario, 75% of the total park, an almost flat electricity demand curve is obtained. Studies are made for working days and for non-working days.One of the authors was supported by the Generalitat Valenciana under the grant ACIF/2018/106.Bastida-Molina, P.; Hurtado-Perez, E.; Pérez Navarro, Á.; Alfonso-Solar, D. (2021). Light electric vehicle charging strategy for low impact on the grid. 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(2015) Demand-side management in smart grid operation considering electric vehicles load shifting and vehicle-to-grid support, International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems. Elsevier, 64, pp. 689–698. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/J.IJEPES.2014.07.065Luca de Tena D, Pregger T (2018) Impact of electric vehicles on a future renewable energy-based power system in Europe with a focus on Germany. Int J Energy Res 42(8):2670–2685. https://doi.org/10.1002/er.4056Mao, D., Gao, Z. and Wang, J. (2019) An integrated algorithm for evaluating plug-in electric vehicle’s impact on the state of power grid assets, International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems. Elsevier, 105, pp. 793–802. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/J.IJEPES.2018.09.028Martínez-Lao, J. et al. (2017) Electric vehicles in Spain: an overview of charging systems, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. Pergamon. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/J.RSER.2016.11.239.Morrissey, P., Weldon, P. and O’Mahony, M. 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Doodle: an innovative tool for organizing group tutorials in University education

[EN] Group tutorials are becoming an ever-increasing learning methodology in University education due to the continuous knowledge feedback among students. Despite the positive impact of such kind of sessions on students, their previous organization phase remains most of the times misleading. The traditional way of arranging a group tutorial through e-mail normally results in a long and ineffective method mainly caused by the different schedule availability between the professor and the different students. Is in this context where Doodle arises as a virtual application to enhance this first group tutorial phase. Generally, Doodle allows users to schedule meetings in a quick, effective and free way: the organizer creates a new meeting, proposes different schedule options and invites the other participants through an e-mail invitation or a link created by Doodle. Then, participants vote for the schedule options that best fit their availability, so that the final meeting schedule is selected democratically. In the University context, professors would play the role of organizers and students of participants, respectively. In this paper, we analyze the application of Doodle in the organization of a group tutorial of students of Electrical Circuits from the Bachelor Degree in Electrical Engineering (Polytechnic University of Valencia). Particularly, the tutorial was formed by six students and the professor, and took place in the Department of Electrical Engineering. After the meeting, the students answered a survey. Their answers reveled the positive acceptance of Doodle among them in terms of efficiency and ease of use. 100% of them agree on its suitability for arranging future group tutorials. Moreover, a comparative study demonstrated that using Doodle instead of e-mail while arranging a group tutorial leads to an average of up to 64% reduction in process time.This work was supported in part by the regional public administration of Valencia under the grant ACIF/2018/106.Bastida Molina, P.; Vargas Salgado, CA.; Montuori, L.; Alcázar Ortega, M. (2021). Doodle: an innovative tool for organizing group tutorials in University education. En Proceedings INNODOCT/20. International Conference on Innovation, Documentation and Education. Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València. 185-193. https://doi.org/10.4995/INN2020.2020.11883OCS18519

Electricity consumption analysis for university buildings. Empirical approach for University of Castilla-La Mancha, campus Albacete (Spain)

[EN] New global situation is boosting the necessity of analysing electricity consumption of university buildings, mainly motived by the exorbitant increase in electricity prices. In this regard, knowing such demand aims at three goals: i) to reduce their consumption, ii) to increase energy efficiency and iii) to develop solar PV installations. Very few research has previously analysed aggregated energy data for educational buildings, and none have studied detailed real electricity consumption in terms of hourly data, which results of utmost relevance, especially for the development of solar PV installations in these environments. Our research tackles this issue and provides a complete methodology to analyse electrical energy and hourly data consumption in university buildings, based on electricity indicators and patterns. The research has been applied to the University of Castilla-La Mancha, in Spain. A complete year data base (2021) of real power and electrical energy consumption of the whole campus has been collected and analysed, with an hourly scale. Results revealed that Biomedical Complex corresponds to the highest load demanding building of the campus (2770 MWh, 43% of the total campus). Outcomes also disclosed an annual high consumption base of 250 kWh for this building, together with 6 different seasonality patterns and 2 annual daily patterns.This work was supported in part by the Spanish Public Administration "Ministerio de Universidades" under the grant Margarita Salas-Universitat Politècnica de València, funded by the European Union-Next Generation EU, by the Council of Communities of Castilla-La Mancha (Junta de Comunidades de Castilla-La Mancha, JCCM) through project SBPLY/19/180501/000287 and by the European Regional Development Fund (Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional, FEDER).Bastida-Molina, P.; Torres-Navarro, J.; Honrubia-Escribano, A.; Gómez Lázaro, E. (2022). Electricity consumption analysis for university buildings. Empirical approach for University of Castilla-La Mancha, campus Albacete (Spain). Aedermacp (EA4EPQ). 216-221. https://doi.org/10.24084/repqj20.26621622

“Innovation, creativity and entrepreneurship” transversal competence evaluation by technical-economic analysis of commercial electrical transformers

[EN] "Innovation, creativity, and entrepreneurship” transversal competence evaluation method (CT04-UPV) used in Electrical Machines course (2nd course, Electrical Engineering Degree) is described in this paper. Its evaluation activity consists of a technical and economic analysis of different commercial electrical transformers, carried out by the students. To this end, students get in touch with electrical suppliers, obtaining real transformers data. With this data, they can calculate transformers efficiency through its energy losses and the economic cost that these losses suppose in a period of 10 years. In this way, students are able to question reality, identifying the existing necessity of evaluating not only its initial cost but also economic cost generated by its energy losses when selecting a transformer. With this method, CT04-UPV learning outcome referred to the 1st domain level is achieved: to question the reality, identifying improvement necessities and generating added value ideas. This methodology has been applied for the last three years in the course. In each year, students marks have been graded by the professor using a rubric. Results indicate that “innovation, creativity, and entrepreneurship” transversal competence learning outcome is satisfactorily reached by students. Moreover, rating survey answered by students, using Google Forms, shows that their level of satisfaction is very high.Bastida Molina, P.; Ribó Pérez, DG.; Montuori, L.; Vargas Salgado, CA. (2020). “Innovation, creativity and entrepreneurship” transversal competence evaluation by technical-economic analysis of commercial electrical transformers. Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València. 159-168. https://doi.org/10.4995/INN2019.2019.10115OCS15916

What is the problem? The obstacles to the electrification of urban mobility in Mediterranean cities. Case study of Valencia, Spain

[EN] The transport sector is answerable for around a quarter of the global CO2 emissions sent into the atmosphere, and 50% of the greenhouse gases in the cities. Considering a staggered introduction of renewable sources in the electricity mix, the introduction of electric vehicles (EVs) in the urban transport network arises as a necessary environmental solution. However, their integration is facing a wide range of barriers, many of them only qualitatively known, or uncertain. This paper presents a multicriteria methodology to assess such obstacles to the electrification of urban transport of Mediterranean flat medium cities. This analysis considers context analysis, literature review, and the application of the Multi Criteria Decision Making Method: Analytic Network Process, with the aid of a panel of experts representing quadruple helix involvement (Government, Business, Society and Academia). As a case study, the city of Valencia (Spain) was chosen, which has been in a deep transition of mobility in recent decades. Results revealed that the most influential barriers turned out to be the insufficient subsidies for EVs' development, the battery autonomy power and the CapEx of batteries. Moreover, private passenger transport followed by freight transport ranked as the most affected urban transport alternatives.We really appreciate the help of our ten experts in the field. Without them, we could not have carried out the research. There was no familiarity bias/conflict of interest with them. This work was supported in part by the Spanish Public Administration "Ministerio de Universidades" under the grant Margarita Salas-Universitat Polite`cnica de Vale`ncia (MS/19) , funded by the European Union-Next Generation EU.Bastida-Molina, P.; Ribó-Pérez, DG.; Gómez-Navarro, T.; Hurtado-Perez, E. (2022). What is the problem? The obstacles to the electrification of urban mobility in Mediterranean cities. Case study of Valencia, Spain. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 166:1-17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2022.11264911716