Synthesis of novel N-, S-substituted-polyhalo-1, 3-butadienes and crystal structure of dibutadienyl homopiperazine

Polyhalogenated-2-nitro-1, 3-butadienes are important synthetic precursors for a variety of poly-functionalized bioactive heterocycles. Herein, we report the reactions of 1, 1, 3, 4, 4-pentachloro-2-nitro-1, 3-butadiene 1 and 4-bromo-1, 1, 3, 4-tetrachloro-2-nitro-1, 3-butadiene 2 with amino and thiol containing nucleophiles to obtain highly functionalized (E)-polyhalodiene-2-nitro-1, 3-butadiene derivatives. Most of these reactions were found to be highly selective resulting in good to high yields of the products. All new compounds have been characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR), mass spectrometry (MS) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) spectroscopic data. Single crystal X-ray structure analysis of compound 8c is reported

Antibiotics in the clinical pipeline in 2011

Potential research participants may assume that randomized trials comparing new interventions with older interventions always hypothesize greater efficacy for the new intervention, as in superiority trials. However, antibiotic trials frequently use "noninferiority" hypotheses allowing a degree of inferior efficacy deemed "clinically acceptable" compared with an older effective drug, in exchange for nonefficacy benefits (eg, decreased adverse effects). Considering these different benefit-harm trade-offs, proper informed consent necessitates supplying different information on the purposes of superiority and noninferiority trials

Antibiotics in the clinical pipeline in 2013

The continued emergence of multi-drug-resistant bacteria is a major public health concern. The identification and development of new antibiotics, especially those with new modes of action, is imperative to help treat these infections. This review lists the 22 new antibiotics launched since 2000 and details the two first-in-class antibiotics, fidaxomicin (1) and bedaquiline (2), launched in 2011 and 2012, respectively. The development status, mode of action, spectra of activity, historical discovery and origin of the drug pharmacophore (natural product, natural product derived, synthetic or protein/mammalian peptide) of the 49 compounds and 6 β-lactamase/β-lactam combinations in active clinical development are discussed, as well as compounds that have been discontinued from clinical development since 2011. New antibacterial pharmacophore templates are also reviewed and analyzed