Polyethylene Glycol Affects Goats\u27 Feeding Behavior in a Tannin-Rich Environment

High concentrations of condensed tannins in browse impair brush clearing by goats. We studied the effect of polyethylene glycol (PEG, MW 4000), a polymer that binds condensed tannins, on the feeding behavior of Damascus goats (Capra hircas) on a range dominated by tannin-rich lentisk (Pistacia lentiscus L.). This was done with or without a nutritious alternative to browse (alfalfa hay) available at pasture. In phase 1, no hay was provided to goats; in phase 2, hay was distributed daily in the field. In both phases, 6 goats had free access to PEG while at pasture, while 6 goats that grazed separately on another paddock did not. All goats received each night an allowance of concentrate (400 g day-1 of 40% ground corn grain, 40% ground barley, 17% soybean meal and 3% of a mineral-vitamin premix, and contained as fed 16% crude protein (CP) and 2.66 Mcal kg-1 of Metabolizable Energy). The 2 groups of goats alternated daily between paddocks. Goats supplemented with PEG spent more time browsing lentisk than goats in the control group (73 and 41%, respectively, P \u3c 0.0001). Goats in the control group spent more time foraging on dry grasses than their PEG-fed counterparts (28 and 12%, respectively, P \u3c 0.0001). Goats from the PEG group gained body weight at a higher rate than controls. The daily intake of PEG was 450 g, with an intake rate of 1.2 g sec-1. Supplemental alfalfa hay substituted partly for dry grasses in goats\u27 diets, but did not modify the percent of time goats in either treatment spent browsing lentisk. Our data suggest that PEG has the potential to increase intake of tannin-rich species, even where alternative fodder of better nutritional quality is present. However, self-feeding of PEG may not be the best way to provide PEG because goats may ingest more PEG than needed to annul the aversive effects of tannins on food intake

Correction: MicroRNAs Expression in the Ileal Pouch of Patients with Ulcerative Colitis Is Robustly Up-Regulated and Correlates with Disease Phenotypes.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0159956.]

Overlap in altered microRNAs in the three pouch groups.

<p>The Venn diagram shows the overlap of microRNA alterations among the pouch groups (normal pouch [NP], chronic pouchitis [CP], and Crohn’s-like disease of the pouch [CLDP]). The numbers in parentheses represent the total number of alterations compared to NC in each group.</p

Validation of miRNA alterations.

<p>Validation of 18 altered miRNAs obtained from ileal/pouch biopsies from an independent cohort of patients with normal pouch (NP), chronic pouchitis (CP) and Crohn’s-like disease of the pouch (CLDP), and normal controls (NC) using RT-PCR. The average levels of controls were designated as relative quantification (RQ) 1. *P <0.05, **P <0.01.</p

Demographics and clinical characteristics.

<p>Demographics and clinical characteristics.</p