Sphenoidal emissary foramen and its clinical consideration

Background:Sphenoidal emissary foramen is a small, variable and an inconstant foramen in middle cranial fossa which is located antero-medial to the foramen ovale. Emissary vein passing through it connects the pterygoid venous plexus with the cavernous sinus which has clinical significance because through an extra-cranial infection may reach to cavernous sinus. Aim of present study was to investigate the incidence and shape of sphenoidal emissary foramen, the number of present on one side and the presence of bony septum in it.Methods: Two hundred and fifty (right 250; left-250) dry Indian adult skulls of unknown age and sex were used for this study. Middle cranial fossa of each skull was macroscopically observed for the presence, absence of sphenoidal emissary foramen. Patency was confirmed by inserting a bristle through each probable foramen and only patent foramen were calculated.Results: We observed that sphenoidal emissary foramen was present in 72 (28.8%) skulls. Unilaterally it was present in 17.6% and bilaterally in 11.2% skulls.Conclusions: Incidence of this foramen is variable and therefore recognition of this anatomical structure is important. Knowledge of their variations will be helpful for neurosurgeons and radiologist.

An Aberrant Artery Arising From Common Hepatic Artery

Common hepatic artery is the branch of celiac trunk which is chief artery of the foregut. Branches of celiac trunk supply the gastrointestinal tract and its associated glands which are derived from foregut. Anatomy and variations of hepatic arterial system have become increasingly important due to increasing number of laparoscopic procedures, oncologic surgical interventions, and organ transplant cases. This case report describes a rare anatomical variation of an aberrant artery arising from common hepatic artery before the origin of gastroduodenal artery and proper hepatic artery.The aberrant artery traversed inferiorly and behind the body of the pancreas which divided into a right and left branches. The right branch ran behind the neck of the pancreas and it ended after giving few branches to head and body of pancreas. However, the left branch gave off branches to the proximal part of the jejunum. The presence of a branch arising directly from the common hepatic artery supplying the pancreas and jejunum is uncommon. Knowledge of such a rare variation is important not only for surgeons but also interventional radiologists and those studying anatom

ORBITAL MORPHOLOGY WITH REFERENCE TO BONY LANDMARKS. 20 La morfología de la órbita en relación a los parámetros óseos

Las órbitas óseas son cavidades del esqueleto situadas a cada lado de la nariz. Se conocen las diferencias raciales en las medidas orbitales. El objetivo del presente estudio era determinar las distancias de varias fisuras y foramen en la órbita en relación a ciertos puntos de referencia óseos / quirúrgicos sobre los márgenes orbitales en la población india, lo que puede ser útil durante la cirugía orbital. La distancia de canal óptico (OC), fisura orbitaria superior (SOF), fisura orbital inferior (IOF) y forámenes lagrimales (LF) se mide a partir de puntos de referencia como cresta lacrimal anterior (ALC) para la pared medial, muesca/foramen supra orbital (SN) para la pared superior, sutura  cigomática frontal (FZ) de la pared lateral y un punto en el margen inferior (OIM) justo encima del agujero infraorbitario. Se midió  la distancia del foramen etmoidal anterior y posterior (AEF y PEF) de ALC. Se observó la presencia de foramen etmoidal media (MEF) y forámenes lagrimales (LF).La distancia media de OC fue 39,71 ±2,67 mm(deALC), 45,11 ±3,4 mm(de SN) , 48,32 ±2,8 mm(de FZ ) y 45,97 ±3,9 mm(de  OIM). La distancia segura para el nervio óptico para cada pared orbital se calcula restando5 mmde la distancia más corta medida. The bony orbits are skeletal cavities located on either side of the nose. Racial differences in orbital measurements are known. The aim of the present study was to determine the distances of various fissures and foramen in the orbit with reference to certain bony / surgical landmarks on the orbital margins in Indian population which can be useful during various surgical procedures. The distance of optic canal (OC), superior orbital fissure (SOF), inferior orbital fissure (IOF), lacrimal foramen (LF) were measured from landmarks like anterior lacrimal crest (ALC) for medial wall, supraorbital foramen/ notch (SON) for superior wall, fronto-zygomatic suture (FZ) for lateral wall and a point on inferior margin (IOM) just above the infraorbital foramen. Distance of anterior and posterior ethmoidal foramen (AEF and PEF) from ALC was measured. The incidence of middle ethmoidal foramen (MEF) and lacrimal foramen (LF) was noted. The mean distance of OC was 39.71 ±2.67 mm(from ALC), 45.11 ±3.4 mm(from SN), 45.97 ±3.9 mm(from FZ) and 48.32 ±2.8 mm(from IOM). The safe distance for optic nerve for each orbital wall was derived by subtracting5 mmfrom the shortest measured distance

STUDY OF PERONEUS DIGITI MINIMI QUINTI IN INDIAN POPULATION: A CADAVERIC STUDY. Estudio del peroneo dígiti minimi quinti en la población india: Un estudio cadavérico

Antecedentes: Peroneo meñique quinti es uno de los muchos músculos peroneos accesorios que por lo general se origina como un pequeño deslizamiento del tendón del peroneo lateral corto, alrededor del maléolo lateral, y se une a la aponeurosis dorsal del quinto dígito. No se conoce con precisión la prevalencia de la misma. Hay mucha confusión en la literatura, ya que existen múltiples clasificaciones superpuestas y una gran variedad de terminología descriptiva acerca de los músculos peroneos accesorios. Peroneo meñique quinti fue observado por algunos investigadores en la literatura, pero Macalister (1872) y Testut (1921) describen este músculo con sus variaciones en  detalle. Material y métodos: Se estudiaron 100 miembros inferiores de cadáveres adultos de sexo desconocido. El compartimento lateral de cada pie se disecó cuidadosamente para determinar la incidencia del peroneo lateral del meñique quinti. Se observó su origen y la inserción, y se tomó el diámetro. Resultados: Se observó este músculo en el 51% de los casos, con predominio del lado izquierdo. Estaba presente bilateralmente sólo en un 5% las extremidades inferiores. Su diámetro varía de 0,7mm a 3mm. Informamos mayor incidencia de este músculo con la variación en sus anexos distales. El conocimiento de esta variante muscular es importante no solo para anatomistas sino también para los cirujanos en el diagnostico de dolores de la región lateral del tobillo y del pie. Este músculo también se puede utilizar en el injerto y la reconstrucción en cirugía del pie y tobillo. Nuevos estudios deben ser realizados para determinar su incidencia en diferentes poblaciones con la  ayuda del estudio en cadáver y nuevas técnicas. Background: Peroneus Digiti Minimi Quinti is one of many accessory peroneal muscles which usually originates as a small slip from the tendon of peroneus brevis, around the lateral malleolus, and attached to the dorsal aponeurosis of the fifth digit. The prevalence of it is not precisely known. There is much confusion in the literature, as there are multiple overlapping classif-ications and a vast array of descriptive terminology regarding the accessory peroneal muscles. Peroneus Digiti Minimi Quinti was observed by some researchers in literature but Macalister (1872) and Testut (1921) described this muscle with its variations in detail. Material and methods: We studied 100 lower limbs of adult cadavers of unknown sex. Lateral compartment of each leg was carefully dissected to determine the incidence of peroneus digiti minimi quinti. Its origin, insertion was noted and diameter was taken. Results: We observed this muscle in 51% of case with left side dominance. Bilaterally it was present only in 5% lower limb. Its diameter varied from0.7 mmto3 mm. We reported higher incidence of this muscle with variation in its distal attachments. Knowledge of this variant muscle is important not for anatomist but also for surgeons to diagnose lateral ankle and foot complaints. This muscle can also be used in grafting and reconstruction in foot and ankle surgery. Further studies should be performed to determine its incidence in different population with the help of cadaveric study and new techniques

An Anomalous Branching of Coeliac Trunk

Anatomical variations of the coeliac trunk arevery common. A variation of coeliac trunk oc-curs due to the developmental abnormalities inthe ventral splanchnic arteries. Present paperhighlights a rare variation of branching patternof coeliac trunk which was observed during rou-tine dissection. In a 63 year old male cadaver,we observed a bifurcation of coeliac trunk intoshort hepato-splenic and longer hepato-gastrictrunks. The hepato-splenic trunk divided intocommon hepatic artery and splenic artery. Cys-tic artery originated from proper hepatic arteryand then proper hepatic artery divided into rightand left hepatic arteries. Hepato-gastric trunkran laterally and upward, and then it divided intotwo branches: a left gastric artery and left ac-cessory hepatic artery. Knowledge of this rarevariation is clinically very important for sur-geons, especially while performing liver trans-plantation, gastric, gallbladder surgeries andtransarterial chemoembolization for hepatictumor and during invasive procedures like an-giography and also other radiological studies