A Case Study of the Federal Judiciary\u27s Role in Court-Ordered Busing: The Professional and Personal Experiences of U.S. District Judge Robert R. Merhige, Jr.

Judge Robert R. Merhige, Jr. assumed the office of federal district judge for the Eastern District of Virginia in August of 1967. Upon discovering that federal judges had lifetime tenure, Merhige\u27s father advised: Take the job. You\u27ll live forever. Neither the elder Merhige nor any observer could have foreseen the turbulence that would engulf Judge Merhige\u27s life on the bench. Two weeks after his appointment, Merhige was faced with government efforts to silence militant black leader H. Rap Brown. Soon thereafter Merhige confronted numerous civil rights and anti-war issues, gaining some immediate notoriety as the first federal judge to declare that the Vietnam conflict was a war within the meaning of the Constitution. Throughout his twenty-year career, Judge Merhige has attracted national attention with a docket full of landmark cases. A small sampling includes the Kepone pollution case, in which Merhige imposed the largest recorded criminal fine under federal anti-pollution laws; the Westinghouse Uranium case, in which Merhige became the first federal judge to hold court outside the United States; and the still pending bankruptcy proceedings centering around the Robins Pharmaceutical Company, manufacturer of the Dalkon Shield. A forthcoming authorized biography recounts the highlights of Judge Merhige\u27s controversial career. Excerpted in this article are two chapters dealing with the most notorious and turbulent period of Merhige\u27s tenure. Merhige\u27s candid reflections upon school integration and court-ordered busing reveal a major participant\u27s perspective of a dramatic stage in this country\u27s history

Criminal Prosecutions in Environmental Law: A Study of the Kepone Case

The effectiveness of criminal prosecutions in the environmental law area is often disparaged. Some commentators suggest that corporate behavior is not significantly affected by criminal convictions because fines that are adequate to deter individual pollutors often have little impact on multi-million dollar corporations. Such a contention, however is challenged by the history surrounding the prosecution of the Allied Chemical Corporation for the pollution caused by the pesticide Kepone. The successful prosecution of the Kepone case dramatically altered Allied\u27s corporate behavior had a significant impact on legislative and administrative inspection schemes, and led to the establishment of an endowment for improvement of the environment. [..