14 research outputs found
Instructional Strategies for Improving Self-Monitoring of Learning to Solve Problems
__Abstract__
Being able to regulate their own learning process is becoming increasingly important
for students at all levels of education (OECD Programme for International Student
Assessment, 2009). From early on in children’s school careers, children are stimulated to be
aware of what they are learning and to make choices about their own learning processes.
Self-regulated learning can be defined as a self-directive process by which learners are able
to improve their learning performance using the capabilities they already have\ud
(Zimmerman, 2008). According to the model of self- regulated learning by Winne and
Hadwin (1998), monitoring and control are central processes to self-regulated learning. To
effectively regulate their own learning process, students must be able to monitor their
progress toward learning goals and use this information to regulate (i.e., control) further
study (Metcalfe, 2009; Winne & Hadwin, 1998). For example, if students are trying to
solve a math problem, it is important for them to keep track of their conceptual
understanding of the problem and the steps of its solution procedure (i.e., monitoring), and
to use this to determine whether more problems should be studied or practiced in order to
grasp the procedure for solving this type of problem (i.e., control). Monitoring is assumed
and has been shown to inform control (Kornell & Metcalfe, 2006; Metcalfe, 2009; Serra &
Metcalfe, 2009; Thiede, Anderson, & Therriault, 2003; Winne & Hadwin, 1998), and can
therefo
The role of motivational profiles in learning problem-solving and self-assessment skills with video modeling examples
In the current study, we examine the role of situation-specific motivational profiles in the effectiveness of video modeling examples for learning problem-solving and self-assessment accuracy in the domain of biology. A sample of 342 secondary school students participated in our study. Latent profile analysis resulted in four motivational profiles: (a) good-quality profile (high autonomous motivation, moderate introjected and external motivation), (b) moderately positive profile (moderate motivation levels with relatively higher autonomous motivation), (c) moderately negative profile (moderate motivation levels with relatively higher external motivation), and (d) poor-quality profile (moderate external, low autonomous motivation). Findings showed students with good-quality or moderately positive profiles learned more from the video modeling in terms of problem-solving and self-assessment accuracy than students with poor-quality or moderately negative profiles. Furthermore, students with a moderately negative profile outperformed students with a poor-quality profile on problem-solving and self-assessment accuracy. Results further indicated that students with good-quality and moderately positive profiles experienced studying the video modeling examples as less effortful than students with poor-quality or moderately negative profiles. Overall, our results demonstrated that knowing about students’ motivational profiles could help explain differences in how well students learn problem-solving as well as self-assessment skills from watching video modeling examples
The Relation Between Student’s Effort and Monitoring Judgments During Learning: A Meta-analysis
Research has shown a bi-directional association between the (perceived) amount of
invested effort to learn or retrieve information (e.g., time, mental effort) and
metacognitive monitoring judgments. The direction of this association likely depends
on how learners allocate their effort. In self-paced learning, effort allocation is usually
data driven, where the ease of memorizing is used as a cue, resulting in a negative
correlation between effort and monitoring judgments. Effort allocation is goal driven
when it is strategically invested (e.g., based on the importance of items or time pressure)
and likel
Establishing a Scientific Consensus on the Cognitive Benefits of Physical Activity
Research suggests that physical activity can be used as an intervention to increase cognitive function. Yet, there are competing views on the cognitive effects of physical activity and it is not clear what level of consensus exists among researchers in the field. The purpose of this study was two-fold: Firstly, to quantify the scientific consensus by focusing on the relationship between physical activity and cognitive function. Secondly, to investigate if there is a gap between the public's and scientists' interpretations of scientific texts on this topic. A two-phase study was performed by including 75 scientists in the first phase and 15 non-scientists in the second phase. Participants were asked to categorize article abstracts in terms of endorsement of the effect of physical activity on cognitive function. Results indicated that there was a 76.1% consensus that physical activity has positive cognitive effects. There was a consistent association between scientists' and non-scientists' categorizations, suggesting that both groups perceived abstracts in a similar fashion. Taken together, this study provides the first analysis of its kind to evaluate the level of consensus in almost two decades of research. The present data can be used to inform further research and practice
Synthesizing cognitive load and self-regulation theory: a theoretical framework and research agenda
An exponential increase in the availability of information over the last two decades has
asked for novel theoretical frameworks to examine how students optimally learn under
these new learning conditions, given the limitations of human processing ability. In this
special issue and in the current editorial introduction, we argue that such a novel
theoretical framework should integrate (aspects of) cognitive load theory and selfregulated learning theory. We describe the effort monitoring and regulation (EMR)
framework, which outlines how monitoring and regulation of effort are neglected but
essential aspects of self-regulated learning. Moreover, the EMR framework emphasizes
the importance of optimizing cognitive load during self-regulated learning by reducing
the unnecessary load on the primary task or distributing load optimally between the
primary learning task and metacognitive aspects of the learning task. Three directions for
future research that derive from the EMR framework and that are discussed in this
editorial introduction are: (1) How do students monitor effort? (2) How do students
regulate effort? and (3) How do we optimize cognitive load during self-regulated learning
tasks (during and after the primary task)? Finally, the contributions to the current special
issue are introduced
Effects of self-assessment feedback on self-assessment and task-selection accuracy
Effective self-regulated learning in settings in which students can decide what tasks to work
on, requires accurate self-assessment (i.e., a judgment of own level of performance) as well as
accurate task selection (i.e., choosing a subsequent task that fits the current level of performance). Because self-assessment accuracy is often low, task-selection accuracy suffers as well
and, consequently, self-regulated learning can lead to suboptimal learning outcomes. Recent
studies have shown that a training with video modeling examples enhanced self-assessment
accuracy on problem-solving tasks, but the training was not equally effective for every student
and, overall, there was room for further improvement in self-assessment accuracy. Therefore,
we investigated whether training with video examples followed by feedback focused on selfassessment accuracy would improve subsequent self-assessment and task-selection accuracy in
the absence of the feedback. Experiment 1 showed, contrary to our hypothesis, that selfassessment feedback led to less accurate future self-assessments. In Experiment 2, we provided
students with feedback focused on self-assessment accuracy plus information on the correct
answers, or feedback focused on self-assessment accuracy, plus the correct answers and the
opportunity to contrast those with their own answers. Again, however, we found no beneficial
effect of feedback on subsequent self-assessment accuracy. In sum, we found no evidence that
feedback on self-assessment accuracy improves subsequent accuracy. Therefore, future research should address other ways improving accuracy, for instance by taking into account the
cues upon which students base their self-assessments
Establishing a Scientific Consensus on the Cognitive Benefits of Physical Activity
Research suggests that physical activity can be used as an intervention to increase cognitive
function. Yet, there are competing views on the cognitive effects of physical activity and it is not
clear what level of consensus exists among researchers in the field. The purpose of this study was
two-fold: Firstly, to quantify the scientific consensus by focusing on the relationship between physical
activity and cognitive function. Secondly, to investigate if there is a gap between the public’s and
scientists’ interpretations of scientific texts on this topic. A two-phase study was performed by
including 75 scientists in the first phase and 15 non-scientists in the second phase. Participants were
asked to categorize article abstracts in terms of endorsement of the effect of physical acti
Examining the use of prompts to facilitate self-regulated learning in Massive Open Online Courses
The limited instructional support in Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs) inherently demands learners to selfregulate their learning. MOOC research shows that learners are more successful when they engage in selfregulated learning (SRL) behaviors such as planning what to study and reviewing study materials. However,
many learners struggle with SRL. In this study, we examined the effect of two types of SRL prompts (i.e.,
questions or a combination of questions and recommendations) on SRL activities, course engagement, and
performance in MOOCs. Learners either received questions supporting SRL, questions supporting SRL followed
by recommendations, or neither questions supporting SRL nor recommendations. Log data was used to examine
learners’ behavior in the MOOCs. Results showed the SRL prompts, in general, are effective in enhancing SRLrelated activities and course engagement. However, the effectiveness of the SRL prompts may be influenced
by the complexity of the MOOCs. The current study adds to the field of SRL by examining prompting as an
approach to enhance SRL in MOOCs
Training self-regulated learning skills with video modeling examples: Do task-selection skills transfer?
Self-assessment and task-selection skills are crucial in self-regulated learning situations in which students can choose their own tasks. Prior research suggested that training with video modeling examples, in which another person (the model) demonstrates and explains the cyclical process of problem-solving task performance, self-assessment, and task-selection, is effective for improving adolescents’ problem-solving posttest performance after self-regulated learning. In these examples, the models used a specific task-selection algorithm in which perceived mental effort and self-assessed performance scores were combined to determine the complexity and support level of the next task, selected from a task database. In the present study we aimed to replicate prior findings and to investigate whether transfer of task-selection skills would be facilitated even more by a more general, heuristic task-selection training than the task-specific algorithm. Transfer of task-selection skills was assessed by having students select a new task in another domain for a fictitious peer student. Results showed that both heuristic and algorithmic training of self-assessment and task-selection skills improved problem-solving posttest performance after a self-regulated learning phase, as well as transfer of task-selection skills. Heurist
Effects of problem solving after worked example study on secondary school children’s monitoring accuracy
Monitoring accuracy, measured by judgements of learning (JOLs), has
generally been found to be low to moderate, with students often displaying
overconfidence, and JOLs of problem solving are no exception. Recently,
primary school children’s overconfidence was shown to diminish when they
practised problem solving after studying worked examples. The current
study aimed to extend this research by investigating whether practising
problem solving after worked example study would also improve JOL
accuracy in secondary education. Adolescents of 14–15 years old (N = 143)
were randomly assigned to one of five conditions that differed in timing of
JOLs, whether practice problems were provided, and timing of the practice
problems provided: (1) worked examples – JOL, (2) worked examples – delay
– JOL, (3) worked examples – practice problems – JOL, (4) worked examples
– practice problems – delay – JOL or (5) worked examples – delay – practice
problems – JOLs. Results showed that practice problems improved absolute
accuracy of JOLs as well as regulation accuracy. No differences in final test
performance were found