Disponibilidade de fósforo, cobre, manganes e zinco em três solos incubados com carbonato de cálcio.

Os solos tropicais são normalmente ácidos, devido a lixiviação de bases e ausência de minerais responsáveis pela reposição dessas bases (VITTI; PROCHNOW, 1996). Além da ocorrência natural, as práticas agrícolas de manejo podem acentuar a acidez do solo, Para Gama (1998) a recomendação correta de calcário tem grande importância, principalmente para que se tenhà uma adequada correção da acidez e aumente a eficiência dos fertilizantes. Isso torna-se mais relevante no caso do fósforo e dos micronutrientes metálicos, pois a acidez do solo exerce grande influência no controle da disponibilidade destes nutrientes. Segundo Lopes (1989) além da acidez, fatores como tipo e quantidade de argila do solo também influenciam a disponibilidade de P no mesmo. De acordo com Abreu et aI. (2001), o cobre tem sua disponibilidade controlada pela reação do solo e por altos teores de matéria orgânica que pode complexa-lo. No caso do manganês baixos teores naturais e o desequilíbrio de outros metais (Ca, Fe, Mg) condicionam a sua disponibilidade no solo (BORKET et al., 2001). Para estes autores a correção da acidez dos solos sob cerrados, com elevação da saturação por bases a 70% contribuiu para o surgimento de deficiências de manganês na cultura da soja, daí a recomendação atual de considerar 50% de saturação por bases como valor mais adequado àquela cultura. Quanto ao comportamento do zinco, Abreu et al.(200 1) relacionam que além da acidez baixa, altos teores de fósforo e matéria orgânica, podem reduzir a sua disponibilidade no solo. Esse trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a disponibilidade de fósforo, cobre, manganês e zinco em três solos incubados com CaC03

A comparison of nefazodone, the cognitive behavioral-analysis system of psychotherapy, and their combination for the treatment of chronic depression

Background Patients with chronic forms of major depression are difficult to treat, and the relative efficacy of medications and psychotherapy is uncertain. Methods We randomly assigned 681 adults with a chronic nonpsychotic major depressive disorder to 12 weeks of outpatient treatment with nefazodone (maximal dose, 600 mg per day), the cognitive behavioral-analysis system of psychotherapy (16 to 20 sessions), or both. At base line, all patients had scores of at least 20 on the 24-item Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (indicating clinically significant depression). Remission was defined as a score of 8 or less at weeks 10 and 12. For patients who did not have remission, a satisfactory response was defined as a reduction in the score by at least 50 percent from base line and a score of 15 or less. Raters were unaware of the patients’ treatment assignments. Results Of the 681 patients, 662 attended at least one treatment session and were included in the analysis of response. The overall rate of response (both remission and satisfactory response) was 48 percent in both the nefazodone group and the psychotherapy group, as compared with 73 percent in the combined-treatment group (P Conclusions Although about half of patients with chronic forms of major depression have a response to short-term treatment with either nefazodone or a cognitive behavioral-analysis system of psychotherapy, the combination of the two is significantly more efficacious than either treatment alone

Does psychosocial functioning improve independent of depressive symptoms? a comparison of nefazodone, psychotherapy, and their combination

Background: Although it is known that antidepressant treatment improves psychosocial functioning, whether such changes occur independent of depressive symptoms is not known. This study compared efficacy of nefazodone, psychotherapy, and their combination in improving psychosocial functioning in chronically depressed outpatients.Methods: Patients with chronic forms of major depressive disorder were randomized to 12 weeks of nefazodone, Cognitive Behavioral Analysis System of Psychotherapy (CBASP), or combined nefazodone/CBASP. Psychosocial assessments measured overall psychosocial functioning, work functioning, interpersonal functioning, and general health.Results: Relative to community norms, patients with chronic major depression evidenced substantially impaired psychosocial functioning at baseline. Combined treatment produced significantly greater psychosocial improvement than either CBASP alone or nefazodone alone on all primary measures. Combined treatment remained superior to nefazodone on primary measures of work, social, and overall functioning, and superior to CBASP on social functioning when depressive symptoms were controlled. Unlike the two groups receiving nefazodone, CBASP alone’s effect on psychosocial function was relatively independent of symptom change. Psychosocial functioning improved more slowly than depressive symptoms, and moderate psychosocial impairments remained at end point.Conclusions: Combined treatment had greater effect than either monotherapy. Change in depressive symptoms did not fully explain psychosocial improvement. Moderate residual psychosocial impairment remained, suggesting the need for continuation/maintenance treatment

A Comparison of Nefazodone, the Cognitive Behavioral-Analysis System of Psychotherapy, and Their Combination for the Treatment of Chronic Depression

Traditionally thought of as an episodic, remitting illness, major depressive disorder often has a chronic course, with protracted episodes or incomplete remission between episodes.1–3At any given time, at least 3 percent of the U.S. population suffers from chronic depression.4,5Chronic forms of major depression are associated with more marked impairments in psychosocial function and work performance,6–8increased health care utilization,5,9and more frequent suicide attempts and hospitalization10than acute depression. Because they frequently begin early in life11and are often lifelong, chronic forms of major depression account for an inordinate proportion of the enormous burden . .