Study Of The Tsunami Aftermath And Recovery (STAR): Ketahanan dan Pemulihan di Sumatra Setelah Tsunami

Tsunami di Samudera Hindia pada tahun 2004 telah menghancurkan ribuan komunitas di negara-negara yang berbatasan dengan Samudera Hindia. Kerusakan paling parah terjadi di Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam dan Provinsi Sumatera Utara, di mana diperkirakan 170.000 jiwa tewas dan ratusan kilometer lingkungan di sepanjang garis pantai hancur. Bencana Tsunami ini telah mendorong diberikannya bantuan yang begitu besar baik dari Pemerintah Indonesia, LSM dan donor bagi kedua provinsi ini. Pada tahun 2007, upaya untuk membangun kembali daerah yang terdampak Tsunami di Indonesia tercatat sebagai proyek rekonstruksi yang paling besar yang pernah dilakukan di sebuah negara berkembang. Studi Paska Tsunami dan Pemulihannya (The Study of the Tsunami Aftermath and Recovery) atau STAR merupakan sebuah studi longitudinal yang mengumpulkan informasi dari individu, rumah tangga, komunitas dan fasilitas di Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam dan Provinsi Sumatera Utara. Studi dirancang untuk mengumpulkan data tentang dampak Tsunami Tahun 2004 baik dampak pendek maupun dampak jangka panjang serta berbagai upaya pemulihan yang dilakukan. Untuk mengetahui dampak Tsunami terhadap kehidupan individu, komunitas dan keluarga serta bagaimana respon mereka terhadap bencana tersebut, kami melaksanakan STAR. Pada tahun 2005 kami mulai dengan mengunjungi kembali 32.000 responden, tersebar dalam 487 komunitas yang sebelumnya pada tahun 2004 sudah pernah diwawancarai dalam survei rumah tangga oleh BPS (Survei Pra-Tsunami). Wawancara paska Tsunami kami lakukan setiap tahun selama 5 tahun sesudah terjadinya Tsunami. Sebanyak 98% dari responden BPS tersebut selamat dari bencana Tsunami di mana kami kemudian berhasil mewawancarai 96% dari mereka, untuk setidaknya sekali dari rangkaian wawancara paska Tsunami yang kami lakukan. Data yang dihasilkan dari studi ini memberikan informasi tentang dampak jangka pendek yang dialami oleh masyarakat dan upaya pemulihan di wilayah-wilayah yang paling parah terdampak Tsunami, yang mana kemudian kami bandingkannya dengan kehidupan masyarakat di wilayah yang tidak terdampak atau hanya sedikit terdampak Tsunami. Kami akan melaporkan hasil studi kami berdasarkan data yang dikumpulkan sejak tahun 2004 sampai tahun 2010. Saat ini kami sedang melakukan survei lanjutan 10 tahun setelah Tsunami

Doses de nitrogênio na produção de pré-secado e grãos de trigo duplo propósito para nutrição animal.

Resumo: A utilização do trigo de duplo propósito surge como uma estratégia agrícola para maximização do uso do solo, principalmente para produção de forragem e grãos visando potencializar recursos naturais nas estações outono e inverno no Rio Grande do Sul. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de doses de nitrogênio na produção de pré-secado e grãos de trigo cv. BRS Pastoreio. O estudo consistiu em oito tratamentos decorrentes do arranjo fatorial quatro doses de nitrogênio (N) x dois manejos alocados no delineamento em blocos casualizados. As doses de N foram 70, 100, 130 e 160 kg/ha e os manejos consistiram em: (1) somente rendimento de grãos e (2) colheita de forragem para silagem pré-secada e rebrote para produção de grãos. O rendimento de grãos do rebrote das plantas colhidas como pré-secado foi reduzido drasticamente. A adubação nitrogenada não afetou os componentes de rendimento dos grãos de trigo duplo propósito nos dois manejos estudados. Houve efeito das doses de nitrogênio na produção de forragem no manejo 2. Independente da dose de nitrogênio o teor de PB dos grãos do rebrote do pré-secado foi superior ao manejo exclusivo para grãos. Abstract: The use of dual-purpose wheat emerges as an agricultural strategy to maximize soil use, mainly for forage and grain production, aiming to enhance natural resources in the autumn and winter seasons in Rio Grande do Sul. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of nitrogen rates on the production of pre-dried and wheat grains cv. BRS Pastoreio. The study consisted of eight treatments resulting from the factorial arrangement of four nitrogen (N) doses x two managements allocated in a randomized block design. The N rates were 70, 100, 130 and 160 kg/ha and the management consisted of: (1) only grain yield and (2) forage harvest for pre-dried silage and sprouting for grain production. The grain yield of the sprouting of plants harvested as pre-dried was drastically reduced. Nitrogen fertilization did not affect the yield components of dual-purpose wheat in the two managements studied. There was an effect of nitrogen doses on forage production in management 2. Regardless of the nitrogen dose, the CP content of pre-dried sprouting grains was higher than the exclusive management for grains. Resumen: El uso de trigo de doble propósito surge como una estrategia agrícola para maximizar el uso de la tierra, principalmente para la producción de forraje y granos, con el objetivo de mejorar los recursos naturales en las estaciones de otoño e invierno en Rio Grande do Sul. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar el efecto de las dosis de nitrógeno en la producción de granos presecados y de trigo cv. BRS pastoreo. El estudio constó de ocho tratamientos resultantes del arreglo factorial de cuatro dosis de nitrógeno (N) x dos manejos asignados en un diseño de bloques al azar. Las dosis de N fueron 70, 100, 130 y 160 kg/ha y el manejo consistió en: (1) rendimiento de grano solamente y (2) cosecha de forraje para ensilaje presecado y brotación para producción de grano. El rendimiento de grano de las plantas germinadas cosechadas como presecadas se redujo drásticamente. La fertilización nitrogenada no afectó los componentes del rendimiento del trigo de doble propósito en los dos manejos estudiados. Hubo efecto de las dosis de nitrógeno sobre la producción de forraje en el manejo 2. Independientemente de la dosis de nitrógeno, el contenido de PB de los granos presecados brotados fue mayor que el manejo exclusivo para granos

Rendimento e produtividade de trigo duplo propósito.

Resumo: As interações que ocorrem no sistema Integração Lavoura-Pecuária (ILP) são complexas, uma vez que, além da planta e do solo, existe a participação do animal. Em alguns lugares, otimizar esses três componentes juntos é um desafio, principalmente o uso do solo, da terra e dos recursos naturais presentes. Na região sul do Brasil, durante o período de outono ao início da primavera é o período do ano de menor taxa de utilização de aproveitamento da terra. . Nesse período, existe uma ociosidade grande na utilização do solo, e com isso há a necessidade de melhor aproveitamento dessas áreas para gerar recursos para sustentabilidade do homem no campo. Com o intuito de otimizar a produção nessas áreas, busca-se a maior eficácia no plantio e cultivo de culturas de inverno, que possam ser utilizadas para produção de pré-secado, silagem e colheita de grãos com destino para o aproveitamento para alimentação animal. Diante das considerações, o referido artigo visa retomar os principais fatores que interferem diretamente na produtividade do trigo duplo-propósito submetido a diferentes doses nitrogenadas e manejos de utilização Abstract: The interactions that occur in the Crop-Livestock Integration System (CLIS) are complex, since, in addition to the plant and the soil, there is the participation of the animal. In some places, optimizing these three components together is a challenge, particularly the use of soil and natural resources present. In the southern region of Brazil, from the autumn to early spring period is the period of the year with the lowest land use rate. During this period, there is a great deal of idleness in land use, and with that there is a need for better use of these areas to generate resources for the sustainability of man in the field. In order to optimize production in these areas, greater efficiency is sought in the planting and cultivation of winter crops, which can be used for the production of haylage, silage and grain for feed. Given these considerations, this article aims to resume the main factors that directly interfere on yield of dual purpose wheat subjected to different nitrogen doses and utilization managements

Education, Vulnerability, and Resilience After a Natural Disaster

The extent to which education provides protection in the face of a large-scale natural disaster is investigated. Using longitudinal population-representative survey data collected in two provinces on the island of Sumatra, Indonesia, before and after the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami, we examine changes in a broad array of indicators of well-being of adults. Focusing on adults who were living, before the tsunami, in areas that were subsequently severely damaged by the tsunami, better educated males were more likely to survive the tsunami, but education is not predictive of survival among females. Education is not associated with levels of post-traumatic stress among survivors 1 year after the tsunami, or with the likelihood of being displaced. Where education does appear to play a role is with respect to coping with the disaster over the longer term. The better educated were far less likely than others to live in a camp or other temporary housing, moving, instead, to private homes, staying with family or friends, or renting a new home. The better educated were more able to minimize dips in spending levels following the tsunami, relative to the cuts made by those with little education. Five years after the tsunami, the better educated were in better psycho-social health than those with less education. In sum, education is associated with higher levels of resilience over the longer term

Iron Deficiency and the Well-being of Older Adults: Early Results From a Randomized Nutrition Intervention

Iron deficiency is widespread throughout the developing world. We provide new evidence on the effect of iron deficiency on economic and social prosperity of older adults drawing on data from a random assignment treatment-control design intervention. The Work and Iron Status Evaluation is an on-going study following over 17,000 individuals in Central Java, Indonesia. Half the respondents receive a treatment of 120 mg of iron every week for a year; the controls receive a placebo. Compliance is monitored carefully. Results from the first six months of the intervention are presented for adults age 30 through 70 years. Males who were iron deficient prior to the intervention and who are assigned to the treatment are better off in terms of physical health, psycho-social health and economic success. These men are more likely to be working, sleep less, lose less work time to illness, are more energetic, more able to conduct physically arduous activities and their psycho-social health is better. There is evidence that economic productivity of these males also increased. Among iron-deficient males assigned to the treatment who were also self-employed prior to the baseline, hourly earnings rose substantially and so they earned more on a monthly basis. Benefits for women are in the same direction but the effects are more muted. The results provide unambiguous evidence in support of the hypothesis that health has a causal effect on economic prosperity of males during middle and older ages

Milk yield and composition in dairy cows with post-partum disorders.

Abstract: This study aimed to determine the impact of different post-partum disorders on milk yield and composition. One hundred and fifteen Holstein cows from a commercial dairy farm located in the state of Rio Grande do Sul in southern Brazil were monitored up to 62 days post-partum. During this period, body condition score evaluation and animal clinical examination were conducted. Percentages of fat, protein, and lactose, as well as somatic cells score, were determined in milk samples. The AST activity and concentrations of NEFA, calcium, and BHBA, were analyzed in blood samples. The occurrence of clinical disorders was identified in 30 (26%) cows. Subclinical disorders were identified in 64 (56%) cows. Only 21 (18%) cows did not suffer any kind of disorder within the studied period. In this study, no significant differences were found in milk production, protein, and somatic cell count in clinical, subclinical, and healthy cows. Milk fat and the fat: protein quotient (F:P) were higher in cows with clinical disorders and the 6 to 21 days in milk, and lactose were lower in cows with clinical disorders and the 22 to 42 days in milk (P<0.05). Resumo: O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar o impacto de diferentes distúrbios após o parto na produção de leite e em sua composição. Cento e quinze vacas Holandesas de uma fazenda de gado leiteiro, localizada em estado da região Sul do Brasil, foram monitoradas até 62 dias após o parto. Durante esse período, foram realizadas avaliações do escore de condição corporal e exame clínico nos animais. As porcentagens de gordura, proteína e lactose, bem como o escore de células somáticas, foram determinadas nas amostras de leite. A atividade do AST e as concentrações de NEFA, cálcio e BHBA foram analisadas em amostras de sangue. A ocorrência de distúrbios clínicos foi identificada em 30 (26%) vacas, os distúrbios subclínicos foram identificados em 64 (56%) vacas. Apenas 21 (18%) vacas não sofreram nenhum tipo de distúrbio ao longo do período estudado. Neste estudo, não foram encontradas diferenças significativas na produção do leite, proteína e na contagem de células somáticas em vacas com doenças clínicas, subclínicas e saudáveis. No leite, a gordura e o quociente gordura e proteína (G:P) foram maiores em vacas com doença clínica no período de seis a 21 dias de lactação, e a lactose foi menor em vacas com doença clínica no período de 22 a 42 dias de lactação (P<0,05)