Fetal and Neonatal Nicotine Exposure in Wistar Rats Causes Progressive Pancreatic Mitochondrial Damage and Beta Cell Dysfunction

Nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) is currently recommended as a safe smoking cessation aid for pregnant women. However, fetal and neonatal nicotine exposure in rats causes mitochondrial-mediated beta cell apoptosis at weaning, and adult-onset dysglycemia, which we hypothesize is related to progressive mitochondrial dysfunction in the pancreas. Therefore in this study we examined the effect of fetal and neonatal exposure to nicotine on pancreatic mitochondrial structure and function during postnatal development. Female Wistar rats were given saline (vehicle control) or nicotine bitartrate (1 mg/kg/d) via subcutaneous injection for 2 weeks prior to mating until weaning. At 3–4, 15 and 26 weeks of age, oral glucose tolerance tests were performed, and pancreas tissue was collected for electron microscopy, enzyme activity assays and islet isolation. Following nicotine exposure mitochondrial structural abnormalities were observed beginning at 3 weeks and worsened with advancing age. Importantly the appearance of these structural defects in nicotine-exposed animals preceded the onset of glucose intolerance. Nicotine exposure also resulted in significantly reduced pancreatic respiratory chain enzyme activity, degranulation of beta cells, elevated islet oxidative stress and impaired glucose-stimulated insulin secretion compared to saline controls at 26 weeks of age. Taken together, these data suggest that maternal nicotine use during pregnancy results in postnatal mitochondrial dysfunction that may explain, in part, the dysglycemia observed in the offspring from this animal model. These results clearly indicate that further investigation into the safety of NRT use during pregnancy is warranted

The role of nitric oxide in testicular ischemia-reperfusion injury

Purpose: This study was designed to determine the role of nitric oxide (NO) in the ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury process in testes

Does maternal nicotine exposure during gestation increase the injury severity of small intestine in the newborn rats subjected to experimental necrotizing enterocolitis

Background/Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of maternal nicotine exposure during gestation on injury severity of small intestine in the newborn rats subjected to hypoxia-reoxygenation and cold stress

Malformation of the epididymis in undescended testis

During a 6-year period, 312 boys (mean age 4.7 years) underwent orchidopexy for cryptorchidism. A total of 388 epididymides were examined and the configurations were recorded as a prospective trial. This study consists of 166 ectopic testes and 222 undescended testes. The observed configurations of epididymides in the ectopic testes were: type la in 99 cases (59.6%), type Ib in 35 (21.1%), type 2 in 24 (14.5%), type 3 in 7 (4.2%), and type 4 in 1 (0.6%). There were no patients in the study with type 5 and 6 anomalies. The configurations of epididymides in the undescended testes were: type la in 105 (47.3%), type Ib in 63 (28.4%), type 2 in 26 (11.7%), type 3 in 13 (5.9%), type 4 in 5 (2.3%), type 5 in 7 (3.2%), and type 6 in 3 (1.4%). The data revealed that the incidence of epididymal abnormalities in undescended testes (41%) was higher than that in the ectopic testes (25.9%) (P < 0.05)

Urolithiasis in childhood

A retrospective review was performed of the records of 85 children with urinary-tract calculi evaluated and treated during a 12-year period. The study evaluated the patients' age, sex, initial complaints, etiology, relevant pathological factors, stone location, mode of treatment, and stone analysis. There were 68 boys and 17 girls, a ratio of 4:1. Patient age ranged from 10 months to 16 years (average 8.2 years). Flank pain was the most common manifestation. Seventy patients bad calculi in the upper urinary tract and 31 in the lower urinary tract; 16 had stones in more than one site and 15 had bilateral stones. Hypercalciuria was the most common metabolic disorder. Most patients underwent open surgical procedures for removal of their calculi; 5 stones were successfully removed endoscopically. In 3 cases, the stones passed spontaneously. Calcium oxalate and calcium phosphate stones were present in 32 cases, struvite in 5, cystine in 2, and uric acid in I Urolithiasis is still one of the most common pediatric urologic problems in Turkey, but as living standards improve, the incidence of the disease has tended to decline in recent years. Anatomic anomalies and metabolic disorders are of great importance in the etiology of stone disease

The evaluation of technetium 99m-citrate scintigraphy in children with suspected appendicitis

Purpose: The authors evaluated the use of technetium (Tc) 99m-citrate scan in 30 children whose diagnoses of appendicitis were unclear

Effects of maternal nicotine exposure during lactation on breast-fed rat pups

Background: Nicotine is known to be associated with adverse effects in infants and children. It is concentrated in breast milk and is absorbed by the infant. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects on breast-fed rat pups of maternal nicotine exposure during lactation. Methods: In the experimental group (n = 6), nicotine was given to lactating dams (2 mg/kg/day) after delivery and continued for 10 days during lactation. Control animals (n = 4) received saline for the same duration. The suckling rats were weighed and killed on postnatal day 10, and samples were taken from the lung, liver, kidney, spleen and small intestine for histopathological examination. Superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) activities and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were measured in the liver of the dam and the offspring. Results: Histopathological changes in the liver of the nicotine-exposed group showed portal inflammatory infiltrate, ballooning degeneration of hepatocytes, and focal necrosis in the parenchyma. Thickening of alveolar walls because of interstitial inflammation was noted in the lungs. Histopathological examination of kidney, spleen and small intestine tissue did not reveal any abnormality. In the experimental group, SOD and CAT activities were significantly decreased (p < 0.001) but MDA levels were significantly increased (p < 0.001) compared with the control group. Conclusion: These results indicate that maternal nicotine exposure induces oxidative stress and causes detrimental histopathological changes in the lung and liver of lactating offspring. Copyright (C) 2005 S. Karger AG, Basel

Evaluation of (99)mTc-citrate, Ga-67-citrate and Tc-99m(V) dimercaptosuccinic acid for the scintigraphic visualization of acute appendicitis

An experimental study was planned to evaluate Tc-99m-citrate, Ga-67-citrate and Tc-99m(V) dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) as agents for the visualization of acute appendicitis. Appendiceal ligation was performed through a midline incision in 24 rabbits. Twenty-four hours later the animals were divided into three equal groups. The rabbits were injected through the aurical vein with 1 mCi (37 MBq) Tc-99m-citrate in group I, 0.5 mCi (18.5 MBq) Ga-67-citrate in group II and 1 mCi (37 MBq) Tc-99m(V) DMSA in group III. After 3 h, static images of the rabbits were obtained with a gamma camera. There were positive images in seven, six and five rabbits in groups I, II and III respectively. The image quality was better in group I than in the other groups. Also, the mean uptake in group I was significantly higher than those of other two groups (P 0.05). All rabbits had appendicitis confirmed histologically. In conclusion, these results show that Tc-99m-citrate is preferable to Ga-67-citrate and Tc-99m(V) DMSA for the differential diagnosis of acute abdominal inflammations such as appendicitis, because of higher concentration ratios, simple and rapid preparation, low cost, excretion mainly through the kidneys and fast blood clearance