12,939 research outputs found
The CKM Matrix from Lattice QCD
Lattice QCD plays an essential role in testing and determining the parameters
of the CKM theory of flavor mixing and CP violation. Very high precisions are
required for lattice calculations analysing CKM data; I discuss the prospects
for achieving them. Lattice calculations will also play a role in investigating
flavor mixing and CP violation beyond the Standard Model.Comment: To appear in Prog. Theor. Phys. Vol. 122, No.1 (Special Issue
Radioactive isotope analyses of skeletal materials in forensic science: a review of uses and potential uses
A review of information that can be provided from measurements made on natural and anthropogenic radionuclide activities in human skeletal remains has been undertaken to establish what reliable information of forensic anthropological use can be obtained regarding years of birth and death (and hence post-mortem interval (PMI)). Of the anthropogenic radionuclides that have entered the environment, radiocarbon (14C) can currently be used to generate the most useful and reliable information. Measurements on single bones can indicate whether or not the person died during the nuclear era, while recent research suggests that measurements on trabecular bone may, depending on the chronological age of the remains, provide estimates of year of death and hence PMI. Additionally, 14C measurements made on different components of single teeth or on teeth formed at different times can provide estimates of year of birth to within 1–2 years of the true year. Of the other anthropogenic radionuclides, 90Sr shows some promise but there are problems of (1) variations in activities between individuals, (2) relatively large analytical uncertainties and (3) diagenetic contamination. With respect to natural series radionuclides, it is concluded that there is no convincing evidence that 210Pb dating can be used in a rigorous, quantitative fashion to establish a PMI. Similarly, for daughter/parent pairs such as 210Po/210Pb (from the 238U decay series) and 228Th/228Ra (from the 232Th decay series), the combination of analytical uncertainty and uncertainty in activity ratios at the point of death inevitably results in major uncertainty in any estimate of PMI. However, observation of the disequilibrium between these two daughter/parent pairs could potentially be used in a qualitative way to support other forensic evidence
Progress in QCD Using Lattice Gauge Theory
Review of results from lattice QCD of relevance to standard-model
phenomenology, to appear in Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science. KEY
WORDS: hadron masses, quark mixing (CKM) matrix, weak matrix elements, strong
coupling constant.Comment: 41 pages LaTeX, FERMILAB-PUB-93/058-T. Figures and style file are
uuencoded and appended. Figures embedded with epsf.sty, available from the
serve
On the Viability of Lattice Perturbation Theory
In this paper we show that the apparent failure of QCD lattice perturbation
theory to account for Monte Carlo measurements of perturbative quantities
results from choosing the bare lattice coupling constant as the expansion
parameter. Using instead ``renormalized'' coupling constants defined in terms
of physical quantities, like the heavy-quark potential, greatly enhances the
predictive power of lattice perturbation theory. The quality of these
predictions is further enhanced by a method for automatically determining the
coupling-constant scale most appropriate to a particular quantity. We present a
mean-field analysis that explains the large renormalizations relating lattice
quantities, like the coupling constant, to their continuum analogues. This
suggests a new prescription for designing lattice operators that are more
continuum-like than conventional operators. Finally, we provide evidence that
the scaling of physical quantities is asymptotic or perturbative already at
's as low as 5.7, provided the evolution from scale to scale is analyzed
using renormalized perturbation theory. This result indicates that reliable
simulations of (quenched) QCD are possible at these same low 's.Comment: 3
Spontaneous Symmetry Breaking and the Renormalization of the Chern-Simons Term
We calculate the one-loop perturbative correction to the coefficient of the
\cs term in non-abelian gauge theory in the presence of Higgs fields, with a
variety of symmetry-breaking structures. In the case of a residual
symmetry, radiative corrections do not change the coefficient of the \cs term.
In the case of an unbroken non-abelian subgroup, the coefficient of the
relevant \cs term (suitably normalized) attains an integral correction, as
required for consistency of the quantum theory. Interestingly, this coefficient
arises purely from the unbroken non-abelian sector in question; the orthogonal
sector makes no contribution. This implies that the coefficient of the \cs term
is a discontinuous function over the phase diagram of the theory.Comment: Version to be published in Phys Lett B., minor additional change
CD44 Staining of Cancer Stem-Like Cells Is Influenced by Down-Regulation of CD44 Variant Isoforms and Up-Regulation of the Standard CD44 Isoform in the Population of Cells That Have Undergone Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition
PMCID: PMC3577706This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited
Expected Precision of Higgs Boson Partial Widths within the Standard Model
We discuss the sources of uncertainty in calculations of the partial widths
of the Higgs boson within the Standard Model. The uncertainties come from two
sources: the truncation of perturbation theory and the uncertainties in input
parameters. We review the current status of perturbative calculations and note
that these are already reaching the parts-per-mil level of accuracy for the
major decay modes. The main sources of uncertainty will then come from the
parametric dependences on alpha_s, m_b, and m_c. Knowledge of these parameters
is systematically improvable through lattice gauge theory calculations. We
estimate the precision that lattice QCD will achieve in the next decade and the
corresponding precision of the Standard Model predictions for Higgs boson
partial widths.Comment: 20 pages, 1 figure; v2: minor typo correction
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