The late-time development of the Richtmyer–Meshkov instability

Measurements have been made of the growth by the Richtmyer–Meshkov instability of nominally single-scale perturbations on an air/sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) interface in a large shock tube. An approximately sinusoidal shape is given to the interface by a wire mesh which supports a polymeric membrane separating the air from the SF6. A single shock wave incident on the interface induces motion by the baroclinic mechanism of vorticity generation. The visual thickness delta of the interface is measured from schlieren photographs obtained singly in each run and in high-speed motion pictures. Data are presented for delta at times considerably larger than previously reported, and they are tested for self-similarity including independence of initial conditions. Four different initial amplitude/wavelength combinations at one incident shock strength are used to determine the scaling of the data. It is found that the growth rate decreases rapidly with time, ddelta/dt[proportional]t–p (i.e., delta[proportional]t1–p), where 0.67<~p<~0.74 and that a small dependence on the initial wavelength lambda0 persists to large time. The larger value of the power law exponent agrees with the result of the late-time-decay similarity law of Huang and Leonard [Phys. Fluids 6, 3765–3775 (1994)]. The influence of the wire mesh and membrane on the mixing process is assessed

Impact of Cultural Elements on Brand Preferences An Explorative Research

Building a brand and creating a professional image requires a thorough understanding of culture. Different civilizations have unique passions, convictions, values, and traditions. Culture-specific expectations and boundaries exist. Products and services reflect culture, and they frequently express the symbolic cultural meaning associated with them. A marketer has an advantage over rivals by being aware of the culture and family structure and consumption patterns. Cultural variables have a big impact on people's decisions to purchase and consume. The research aimed to verify whether there is an impact of cultural elements on brand preference and whether their profile factors differentiate the impact of culture on brand preference. The research reveals that the influence of culture on brand choice is consistent across age groups, family sizes, family types, jobs, and respondents' religious affiliations. Regarding how culture influences brand choice, male and female responses differ significantly. The languages that they speak have an impact on how much culture impacts brand preferences. Keywords: Culture, Brand, Preference, Cultural Elements. JEL Classification: M 31 DOI: 10.7176/EJBM/15-10-03 Publication date:May 31st 202

Single-generation Network Coding for Networks with Delay

A single-source network is said to be \textit{memory-free} if all of the internal nodes (those except the source and the sinks) do not employ memory but merely send linear combinations of the incoming symbols (received at their incoming edges) on their outgoing edges. Memory-free networks with delay using network coding are forced to do inter-generation network coding, as a result of which the problem of some or all sinks requiring a large amount of memory for decoding is faced. In this work, we address this problem by utilizing memory elements at the internal nodes of the network also, which results in the reduction of the number of memory elements used at the sinks. We give an algorithm which employs memory at the nodes to achieve single-generation network coding. For fixed latency, our algorithm reduces the total number of memory elements used in the network to achieve single-generation network coding. We also discuss the advantages of employing single-generation network coding together with convolutional network-error correction codes (CNECCs) for networks with unit-delay and illustrate the performance gain of CNECCs by using memory at the intermediate nodes using simulations on an example network under a probabilistic network error model

On a Method to Employ Newton's Rings Concept to Determine Thickness of Thin Films

Newton’s Rings experiment is traditionally utilized to find radius curvature of a lens. We propose a method in which this same set up can be used to find the thickness of thin films. The working principle is interference. It is based on the fact that, the formation of bright and dark interference fringes is a measure of the thickness of the air film at that point. We present the experimental data. The results from the experiment are in agreement with results obtained through geometry. Further, a method to improvise conventional interference at air wedge experiment which is generally used to determine the thickness of thin films is suggeste