Influence of Incubation Conditions on Hydrolysis Efficiency and Iodine Enrichment in Baker’s Yeast

The influence of incubation conditions, enzyme type, hydrolysis time, and potassium iodide concentration on hydrolysis and iodine enrichment were studied in supernatant and pellets of Saccharomyces cervisiae hydrolysates. The type of enzyme used and incubation time significantly influence hydrolysis efficiency and protein concentration in supernatant and pellet. The highest protein hydrolysis efficiency was obtained by 24-h incubation with papain. Significantly lower values were observed for pepsin and autolysis. The potassium iodide concentration influences the iodine content of supernatant and pellet, but not hydrolysis. Iodide enrichment of supernatant and pellet depends on the concentration of iodide using during incubation. High concentration of iodide and long incubation times were the conditions for optimal iodide enrichment and high-protein hydrolysates. The optimal hydrolysis efficiency and iodine enrichment were obtained during 24-h incubation with papain in a 4.5-mM potassium iodide medium. The efficiency reached 98.22% with iodine concentrations of 2,664.91 and 9,200.67 μg/g iodine in pellet and supernatant, respectively

Teleportation of continuous variable polarisation states

This paper discusses methods for the optical teleportation of continuous variable polarisation states. We show that using two pairs of entangled beams, generated using four squeezed beams, perfect teleportation of optical polarisation states can be performed. Restricting ourselves to 3 squeezed beams, we demonstrate that polarisation state teleportation can still exceed the classical limit. The 3-squeezer schemes involve either the use of quantum non-demolition measurement or biased entanglement generated from a single squeezed beam. We analyse the efficacies of these schemes in terms of fidelity, signal transfer coefficients and quantum correlations

[2,4-13C]β-hydroxybutyrate Metabolism in Astrocytes and C6 Glioblastoma Cells

This study was undertaken to determine if the ketogenic diet could be useful for glioblastoma patients. The hypothesis tested was whether glioblastoma cells can metabolize ketone bodies. Cerebellar astrocytes and C6 glioblastoma cells were incubated in glutamine and serum free medium containing [2,4-13C]β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) with and without glucose. Furthermore, C6 cells were incubated with [1-13C]glucose in the presence and absence of BHB. Cell extracts were analyzed by mass spectrometry and media by 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy and HPLC. Using [2,4-13C]BHB and [1-13C]glucose it could be shown that C6 cells, in analogy to astrocytes, had efficient mitochondrial activity, evidenced by 13C labeling of glutamate, glutamine and aspartate. However, in the presence of glucose, astrocytes were able to produce and release glutamine, whereas this was not accomplished by the C6 cells, suggesting lack of anaplerosis in the latter. We hypothesize that glioblastoma cells kill neurons by not supplying the necessary glutamine, and by releasing glutamate

The role of ectoine in formation of protective water structures around the biomolecules

Ektoina jest iminokwasem wyizolowanym z ekstremofilnych, halofilnych, fototroficznych bakterii purpurowych. Ektoina wykazuje działanie ochronne w stosunku do różnych biomolekuł, może gromadzić się w komórkach w wysokich stężeniach i zabezpieczać je przed stresem środowiskowym np. temperaturowym lub osmotycznym. W warunkach fizjologicznych ektoina występuje w postaci jonu obojnaczego, wykazuje znaczne powinowactwo do cząsteczek wody. Zdolność ektoiny do wiązania cząsteczek wody skutkuje większą gęstością utworzonej trwałej sieci zorientowanych cząsteczek wody wokół biopolimerów, w tym enzymów oraz błon biologicznych. Celem pracy było omówienie budowy i właściwości ektoiny, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem jej roli w tworzeniu struktur wodnych o charakterze ochronnym.Ectoine is an imino acid, isolated from extremophilic, halophilic, phototrophic purple bacteria. Ectoine shows a protective effect against various biomolecules. It can accumulate in cells at high concentrations and protect cell-important molecules against different stressors, e.g. temperature or osmosis. Under physiological conditions, ectoine occurs in the form of a zwitterion, and has also a significant affinity to water molecules. The ability of the ectoine to bind water molecules results in a higher density of the established stable network of oriented water molecules around biopolymers, including enzymes and biological membranes. The aim of the paper is show the structure and properties of ectoine, with emphasis on its role in the formation of water structures with significant protective importance

Nonsurgical treatment of aggressive periodontitis with photodynamic therapy or systemic antibiotics. Three-month results of a randomized, prospective, controlled clinical study

The aim of this randomized, controlled clinical study was to compare the short-term effects of nonsurgical periodontal therapy with the additional administration of systemic antibiotics (AB) and the same therapy with additional photodynamic therapy (PDT) in the treatment of patients with aggressive periodontitis (AP). Thirty-six patients with AP received full-mouth nonsurgical periodontal treatment (SRP) and were then randomly divided into two groups of 18 subjects each. Group AB received amoxicillin and metronidazole three times a day for 7 days. Group PDT received two applications of PDT on the day of SRP as well as at follow-up after 7 days. The following clinical parameters were measured at baseline and 3 months after therapy: plaque index (PLI), bleeding on probing (BOP), probing depth (PD), gingival recession (GR), and clinical attachment level (CAL). After 3 months, PD was significantly reduced in both groups (from 5.0±0.8 mm to 3.2±0.4 mm with AB, and 5.1±0.5 mm to 4.0±0.8 mm with PDT; both p<0.001), while AB revealed significantly lower values compared to PDT (p = 0.001). In both groups, GR was not significantly changed. CAL was significantly reduced in both groups (PDT: 5.7±0.8 mm to 4.7±1.1 mm; p=0.011; AB: 5.5±1.1 mm to 3.9±1.0 mm; p<0.001) and differed significantly between the groups (p=0.025). The number of residual pockets (PD ≥4 mm) and positive BOP was reduced by AB from 961 to 377, and by PDT from 628 to 394. Pockets with PD ≥7 mm were reduced by AB from 141 to 7, and by PDT from 137 to 61. After 3 months, both treatments led to statistically significant clinical improvements. The systemic administration of antibiotics, however, resulted in significantly higher reduction of PD and a lower number of deep pockets compared to PDT