Considerazioni su alcune anomalie delle apofisi trasverse delle vertebre lombari

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Quantitative high-performance liquid chromatography analyses of flavonoids in Australian Eucalyptus honeys

Flavonoids of nine Australian monofloral Eucalyptus honeys have been analyzed and related to their botanical origins. The mean content of total flavonoids varied from 1.90 mg/100 g of honey for stringybark (E. globoidia) honey to 8.15 mg/100 g of honey for narrow-leaved ironbark (E. crebra) honey, suggesting that species-specific differences occur quantitatively among these Eucalyptus honeys. All of the honey samples analyzed in this study have a common flavonoid profile comprising tricetin (5,7,3′,4′,5′ -pentahydroxyflavone), quercetin (3,5,7,3′,4′-pentahydroxyflavone), and luteolin (5,7,3′,4′-tetrahydroxyflavone), which, together with myricetin (3,5,7,3′,4′,5′-hexahydroxyflavone) and kaempferol (3,5,7,4′-tetrahydroxyflavone), were previously suggested as floral markers for European Eucalyptus honeys. Thus, flavonoid analysis could be used as an objective method for the authentication of the botanical origin of Eucalyptus honeys. Moreover, species-specific differences can also be found in the composition of honey flavonoid profiles. Among these honeys, bloodwood (E. intermedia) honey contains myricetin and tricetin as the main flavonoid compounds, whereas there is no myricetin detected in yapunyah (E. ochrophloia), narrow-leaved ironbark (E. crebra), and black box (E. largiflorens) honeys. Instead, these types of Eucalyptus honeys may contain tricetin, quercetin, and/or luteolin as their main flavonoid compounds. Compared to honeys from other geographical origins, the absence or minor presence of propolis-derived flavonoids such as pinobanksin, pinocembrin, and chrysin in Australian honeys is significant. In conclusion, these results demonstrate that a common flavonoid profile exists for all of the Eucalyptus honeys, regardless of their geographical origins; the individual species-specific floral types of Eucalyptus honey so common in Australia could be possibly differentiated by their flavonoid profile differences, either qualitatively or quantitatively or both

Association of polypharmacy and hyperpolypharmacy with frailty states: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Purpose To investigate: (1) the cross-sectional association between polypharmacy, hyperpolypharmacy and presence of prefrailty or frailty; (2) the risk of incident prefrailty or frailty in persons with polypharmacy, and vice versa. Methods A systematic review and meta-analysis was performed according to PRISMA guidelines. We searched PubMed, Web of Science, and Embase from 01/01/1998 to 5/2/2018. Pooled estimates were obtained through random efect models and Mantel–Haenszel weighting. Homogeneity was assessed with the I 2 statistic and publication bias with Egger’s and Begg’s tests. Results Thirty-seven studies were included. The pooled proportion of polypharmacy in persons with prefrailty and frailty was 47% (95% CI 33–61) and 59% (95% CI 42–76), respectively. Increased odds ratio of polypharmacy were seen for prefrail (pooled OR=1.52; 95% CI 1.32–1.79) and frail persons (pooled OR=2.62, 95% CI 1.81–3.79). Hyperpolypharmacy was also increased in prefrail (OR=1.95; 95% CI 1.41–2.70) and frail (OR=6.57; 95% CI 9.57–10.48) persons compared to robust persons. Only seven longitudinal studies reported data on the risk of either incident prefrailty or frailty in persons with baseline polypharmacy. A signifcant higher odds of developing prefrailty was found in robust persons with polypharmacy (pooled OR=1.30; 95% CI 1.12–1.51). We found no papers investigating polypharmacy incidence in persons with prefrailty/frailty. Conclusions Polypharmacy is common in prefrail and frail persons, and these individuals are also more likely to be on extreme drug regimens, i.e. hyperpolypharmacy, than robust older persons. More research is needed to investigate the causal relationship between polypharmacy and frailty syndromes, thereby identifying ways to jointly reduce drug burden and prefrailty/frailty in these individuals