Structural Change and Evolution of Energy Consumption in French Industry Between 1970 and 1982

Our research concentrates primarily on the empirical analysis of economic structural change. This paper analyzes time-series data and helps to reveal the impact of structural change on energy consumption in France. It continues former analyses which were carried out for the USA and the FRG

Flame spread in laminar mixing layers: the triple flame

In the present paper we investígate flame spread in laminar mixing layers both experimentally and numerically. First, a burner has been designed and built such that stationary triple ñames can be stabilised in a coflowing stream with well defined linear concentration gradients and well defined uniform flow velocity at the inlet to the combustión chamber. The burner itself as well as first experimental results obtained with it are presented. Second, a theoretical model is formulated for analysis of triple flames in a strained mixing laycr generated by directing a fuel stream and an oxidizer stream towards each other. Here attention is focused on the stagnation región where by means of a similarity formulation the three-dimensional flow can be described by only two spatial coordinates. To solve the governing equations for the limiting case in which a thermal-diffusional model results, a numerical solution procedure based on self-adaptive mesh refinement is developed. For the thermal-diffusional model, the structure of the triple flame and its propagation velocity are obtained by solving numerically the governing similarity equations for a wide range of strain rates

Breaking the Energy Coefficient: Cross-Country Analysis of the Pulp and Paper Industry

Our research concentrates primarily on the empirical analysis of interregional and intertemporal economic structural change, on the sources of and constraints on economic growth, on problems of adaptation to sudden changes, and especially on problems arising from changing patterns of international trade, resource availability, and technology. In this paper one of the long-standing industries and the impact of its technological changes on energy consumption are considered. Econometric analysis of cross-country and time-series data helps to reveal the impact which is widely discussed in detailed engineering reports

Breaking the Energy Coefficient: Cross-Country Analysis for the Chemical Industry

In this paper one of the long-standing industries and the impact of its technological changes on energy consumption are considered. Econometric analysis of cross-country and time-series data helps to reveal the impact which is widely discussed in detailed engineering reports

Breaking the Energy Coefficient: Cross-Country Analysis for the Iron and Steel Industry

In this paper one of the most long-standing industries and the impact of its technological changes on energy consumption are considered. Econometric analysis of cross-country and time-series data helps to reveal the impact which is widely discussed in detailed engineering reports

Optimal Capacity in the Banking Sector and Economic Growth.

The paper investigates, from the welfare and growth point of view, the determination of the optimal capacity of the banking system. For that purpose, we consider an overlapping generation model with endogenous growth. There is horizontal differentiation and imperfect competition in the banking sector. Macroeconomic shocks affect the return on capital and, together with the expectations of depositors, condition the stability of the banking sector. We specify to what extent deposit insurance may reduce instability and increase the number of deposits, welfare and growth. We also characterize the conditions under which excess banking capacities may appear and how their reduction may improve welfare.Deposit insurance ; imperfect ; competition ; growth, banking.

Deflagration regimes of laminar flames modeled after the ozone decomposition flame

Methods of activation-energy asymptotics are employed to investigate regimes of combustion of steady, planar, adiabatic deflagrations involving a four-step kinetic mechanism modeled after that of the ozone decomposition flame. The analysis demonstrates the occurrence of previously known regimes having flame structures that involve a nonreactive preheat zone followed by a narrow reactive-diffusive zone, in which a steady-state approximation for the reaction intermediary may or may not apply and downstream from which a recombination zone may or may not exist. In addition, a new regime is identified having a two-zone flame structure in which the intermediary is generated in a downstream zone that obeys a steady-state approximation for temperature and diffuses into an upstream zone where the primary heat release occurs. In this regime convection, diffusion, and reaction all are important in both zones, and heat release persists in the preheat zone all the way to the cold boundary. For the ozone flame new results for burning velocities are given and regimes are identified as functions of pressure, initial temperature, and initial ozone concentration

A comparison of computational and experimental lift-off heights of coflow laminar diffusion flames

As a sensitive marker of changes in flame structure, the number densities of excited-state CH (denoted CH*), and excited-state OH (denoted OH*) are imaged in coflow laminar diffusion flames. Measurements are made both in normal gravity and on the NASA KC-135 reduced-gravity aircraft. The spatial distribution of these radicals provides information about flame structure and lift-off heights that can be directly compared with computational predictions. Measurements and computations are compared over a range of buoyancy and fuel dilution levels. Results indicate that the lift-off heights and flame shapes predicted by the computations are in excellent agreement with measurement for both normal gravity (1g) and reduced gravity flames at low dilution levels. As the fuel mixture is increasingly diluted, however, the 1g lift-off heights become underpredicted. This trend continues until the computations predict stable flames at highly dilute fuel mixtures beyond the 1g experimental blow-off limit. To better understand this behavior, an analysis was performed, which indicates that the lift-off height is sensitive to the laminar flame speed of the corresponding premixed mixture at the flame edge. By varying the rates of two key "flame speed" controlling reactions, we were able to modify the predicted lift-off heights so as to be in closer agreement with the experiments. The results indicate that reaction sets that work well in low dilution systems may need to be modified to accommodate high dilution flames