Comparison of Antioxidant Capacity of Mango (Mangifera indica), Pawpaw (Asimina triloba) and Guava (Psidium guajava) Pulp Extracts at Different Maturation Stages

The total polyphenols, flavonoids, lipid-soluble antioxidants (CALT) and radical scavenging ability of the pulp extracts of mango (Mangifera indica), pawpaw (Asimina triloba) and guava (Psidium guajava) were investigated at different maturation stages for the purpose of determining the antioxidant capacity and the possibility of using these fruits at every maturation stage for the prevention of lipid oxidation. The pulps of these fruits were extracted at different maturation stages; unripe (UR), about to ripe (AR) and ripe (RP). The extracted pulps were freeze-dried and used for the analyses. The total phenolic content was determined by spectrophotometry (Folic Ciocalteu’s method) while 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) was used for the radical scavenging ability. The various antioxidant activities were compared with standard antioxidants such as gallic acid, rutin, α-tocophenol and ascorbic acid. The results showed that all the fruits investigated at different maturation stages possessed high quality antioxidants (those that can scavenge free radicals, function as metal chelators or donate hydrogen atoms). Radical scavenging ability of the fruit pulps was significantly affected (P < 0.05) by the different maturation stages. The unripe fruits (mango, pawpaw and guava) have the highest antioxidant properties suggesting that the antioxidant capacity of the fruits decreased as the fruits ripened. Keywords: Fruits, antioxidant capacity, maturation stage

Change in Lipid Quality of Tilapia Fish (Oreochromis niloticus) After Different Heat Treatments

Tilapia fish (Oreochomis niloticus) has been considered to be popular among the freshwater fishes, economically cheap and more abundant in Nigeria. For this reason, a study was conducted on the effect of traditional processing methods on fatty acid composition of Oreochomis niloticus using electric oven (control), sawdust, melon husk and rice bran as different heat treatments. Fatty acid composition was determined using standard analytical technique. The result showed that palmitic and oleic acids had the highest concentrations among saturated and unsaturated fatty acids in all the processed samples, respectively. It was also revealed that samples of Oreochomis niloticus recorded decrease in total saturated fatty acid (TSFA) with various heat treatments whereas the same heat treatments enhanced the components of total unsaturated fatty acids (TUFA) and total essential fatty acid (TEFA). It was found that levels of ratio of n–6 PUFA to n–3 PUFA and oleic to linoleic which are used as biomedical index are desirable in all the processed samples of Oreochomis niloticus oils. However, heat treatment using sawdust was proven to be of good economic potential. Keywords: Oreochomis niloticus, agricultural wastes, fatty acids

Comparative Evaluation of Nutritive Value of Okro (Abelmoschus esculentus) and Bush Mango (Irvingia gabonensis) Fruits Grown in Nasarawa State, Nigeria

The proximate, mineral and amino acid compositions of okro (Abelmoschus esculentus) pod and bush mango (Irvingia gabonensis) seed were determined using standard analytical techniques. Moisture, ash, crude fat, crude fibre, protein and carbohydrate (by difference) contents (%) of A. esculentus and I. gabonensis were: 25.9 and 2.1, 9.0 and 11.5, 17.2 and 62.0, 4.3 and 0.9, 21.8 and 7.4, and 21.8 and 26.1, respectively. The most abundant minerals were Ca (170.6 and 431.5 mg/100g sample), K (108.5 and 161.0 mg/100g), Mg (83.6 and 171.1 mg/100g) and Na (88.0 and 113.5 mg/100g), respectively. Generally, the two samples were found to be good sources of essential minerals while harmful metals such as Pb and Cd were not at detection limit of AAS. The levels of Na/K and Ca/P ratios were desirable compared with the recommended values. The amino acid profile revealed that samples of A. esculentus and I. gabonensis contained nutritionally useful quantities of most of the essential amino acids with total essential amino acids (TEAA) of 35.4 and 38.1 g/100g crude protein or 40.6 and 47.8% of the total amino acid (TAA), respectively while the limiting amino acids (LAA) were Val and Thr. The calculated isoelectric points (pI) and predicted protein efficiency ratios (P–PER) were 5.1 and 4.8, 2.5 and 4.1 for A. esculentus and I. gabonensis, respectively. However, dietary formula based on these fruits may require amino acids supplementation. Keywords: Abelmoschus esculentus, Irvingia gabonensis, nutritional composition

Seed Metrics for Genetic and Shape Determinations in African Yam Bean [Fabaceae] (Sphenostylis stenocarpa Hochst. Ex. A. Rich.) Harms

The metric measures on seeds, their correlation and relationship are important for systematic breeding for seed yield and shape determination. Variations among eighty genotypes of African yam bean (AYB) for six metric seed characters (seed length, width and thickness and their ratios) were evaluated in this study. Paired comparison among the six characters revealed very high significance (P < 0.001), approving the six traits as unique parameters for evaluating AYB. They equally exhibited high and substantial genetic variance: the genotypic proportion of the total variation ranged between 90 and 97%, broad sense heritability (81 - 94%) and genetic advances (14 - 31%). Seed length and width had the highest joint inheritance of 99.04%, the least, 4.32% was between width and WT as depicted by coheritability. Positive and significant (P < 0.05) phenotypic and/or genotypic correlation existed between seed width and thickness, the three ratios and seed length with the ratios except WT. Non-significant negative correlation existed between seed thickness with LT and WT. There were very reliable and highly significant linear relationships between the seed traits except for length and width whose relationship was non-linear. Breeding concentration on any of these traits may simultaneously influence the others. The seed shape indices were the metric ratios and the flatness index; they described the common shapes of AYB seeds as: round/spherical, oval/ellipsoidal, oblong and rhomboi

Compositional Evaluation of Pulp and Seed of Blood Plum (Haematostaphis barteri), a Wild Tree Found in Taraba State, Nigeria

Traditional leafy vegetables represent inexpensive but high quality nutritional sources for the poor segment of the population especially in developing world like Nigeria, where malnutrition is wide spread. Blood plum (Haematostaphis barteri) is an under–utilized leafy vegetable belonging to the Anacardiacea family. A comparative study was carried out on proximate composition and amino acid profile of pulp and seed of H. barteri. The proximate composition values (%) for pulp and seed samples were found to be as follows: Moisture (3.56 and 2.75), ash (2.97 and 3.92), crude fat (17.76 and 29.68), crude protein (21.81 and 29.38), crude fibre (8.44 and 2.40), and carbohydrate (45.48 and 31.88). The calculated fatty acids and metabolizable energy were 14.21 and 23.74%; 1801.05 and 2139.58 kJ/100g, respectively. The high metabolizable energy values showed that the samples have an energy concentration more favourable than cereals, and which compare favourably well with those of legumes. The amino acid profiles revealed that pulp and seed samples of H. barteri contained nutritionally useful quantities of most of the essential amino acids. The total amino acids (TAA), total essential amino acids (TEAA) (with His), total sulphur amino acids (TSAA), and essential aromatic amino acids (EArAA) for the pulp and seed samples were 53.39 and 67.07; 26.49 and 34.28; 1.21 and 2.59; 2.70 and 3.37, respectively. However, supplementation of essential amino acid is required in a dietary formula based on H. barteri (pulp and seed), when comparing the EAAs in this report with the recommended FAO/WHO provisional pattern. The limiting EAAs in the pulp and seed of H. barteri were Leu and Lys, respectively. Keyword: Proximate, amino acids, pulp, seed, Haematostaphis barter

Effect of Different Sources of Heat on Nutritional Composition of Tilapia Fish (Oreochromis niloticus)

A study was conducted to investigate the effect of traditional smoking methods on fresh tilapia fish (Oreochromis niloticus). For this purpose, proximate, mineral and amino acid compositions of tilapia fish smoked with sawdust, rice bran, melon husk and electric oven (control) heat treatments were determined using standard analytical technique. The results showed that crude protein content (%) ranged between 55.10 to 64.16% with the highest value recorded in sample smoked with rice bran heat treatment while crude fat had the highest value (18.10%) also in rice bran smoked sample. Sodium was found to be more abundant in all the samples (5.75 – 10.10 mg/100g) compared with magnesium (5.45 – 9.15 mg/100g), potassium (4.55 – 6.45 mg/100g) and phosphorus (4.70 – 6.00 mg/100g) while the least abundant mineral was chromium (0.05 – 0.15 mg/100g). The harmful metals such as cadmium and lead were not at detectable range of atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS). The amino acid profile revealed that only Oreochromis niloticus fish sample smoked with sawdust enhanced the contents of total amino acid (TAA), total essential amino acid (TEAA) and total sulphur amino acid (TSAA) by 3.77, 3.95 and 7.03%, respectively while melon husk and rice bran heat treatments reduced TAA, TEAA and TSAA. The limiting amino acid (LAA) for all the samples with different heat treatments was Ile except sample smoked with rice bran which has Val as LAA. Generally, all the smoked samples contained nutritionally useful quantities of total essential amino acids. Keywords: Oreochromis niloticus, agricultural wastes, smoke, proximate, amino acids

Effect of Processing on Fatty Acid and Phospholipid Compositions of Harms (Brachystegia eurycoma) Seed Grown in Nigeria

A comprehensive study on the effect of processing on fatty acid and phospholipid compositions of Brachystegia eurycoma seed flour was conducted. Processing methods (boiling, fermentation and roasting) were adopted using standard analytical techniques. The most concentrated fatty acids (%) were linoleic acid (47.95 – 50.91) &gt; oleic acid (26.51 – 30.91) &gt; palmitic acid (11.51 – 14.16) &gt; stearic acid (3.06 – 5.54). Lenoceric, erucic, and arachidic acids were present with none of them recording up to 1% while caprylic, capric and margaric acids were not at the detection limit of GC. All the processing methods increased the contents of palmitic, palmitoleic, linoleic and linolenic acids. The oleic acid content was reduced in boiled, fermented and roasted samples by 60.93, 59.97 and 63.77%, respectively. The phospholipid analysis gave result (%) of phosphatidic &gt; phosphatidylinositol &gt; phospatidyserine &gt; phosphatidyethanolamine concentrations. Generally, the processing methods showed deviations in fatty acid and phospholipid components from the raw seeds. There was a clear indication that the raw and processed samples of B. eurycoma seed oils contained a high level of polyunsaturated fatty acids, making them a healthy low fat food. Keywords: Brachystegia eurycoma, processing, seed oils, fatty acids, phospholipids

A viscosity iterative technique for equilibrium and fixed point problems in a Hadamard space

[EN] The main purpose of this paper is to introduce a viscosity-type proximal point algorithm, comprising of a nonexpansive mapping and a finite sum of resolvent operators associated with monotone bifunctions. A strong convergence of the proposed algorithm to a common solution of a finite family of equilibrium problems and fixed point problem for a nonexpansive mapping is established in a Hadamard space. We further applied our results to solve some optimization problems in Hadamard spaces.Izuchukwu, C.; Aremu, KO.; Mebawondu, AA.; Mewomo, OT. (2019). A viscosity iterative technique for equilibrium and fixed point problems in a Hadamard space. Applied General Topology. 20(1):193-210. https://doi.org/10.4995/agt.2019.10635SWORD193210201K. O. Aremu, C. Izuchukwu, G. C. Ugwunnadi and O. T. Mewomo, On the proximal point algorithm and demimetric mappings in CAT(0) spaces, Demonstr. Math. 51 (2018), 277-294. https://doi.org/10.1515/dema-2018-0022M. 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ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF AGRICULTURE AS A STRATEGY OF RURAL DEVELOPMENT IN RURAL AREA Obaniyi K.S. Aremu, C.O, Adedapo, O.A , Wale, A.J.. & Alade B.T.,

Rural area is the most vulnerable sector of the economy in terms of food insecurity , unemployment and poverty . However entrepreneurship has provided solution to some extent to the problem of rural area. Since agriculture is the main source of livelihood of the rural community, sustaining entrepreneurship is an emerging problem among the agricultural communities as they seek key answers to sustainable agricultural development in rural communities. This paper seeks to identify the challenges the farmers entrepreneurship faced and how they can be motivated to overcome them in Nigeria. The finding revealed major challenges to rural development to be: high illiteracy level , lack of human capacity development, lack of continuity of government programme, lack of unity and cooperative efforts and high level of corruption and crime . Therefore, this paper conclude that in order to ensure a sustainable entrepreneurship and rural development , there is a need to have effective human capital development , engagement of principle of continuity of successive government, a viable cooperative system in the rural area and engagement of corruption free leadership system. Therefore this paper recommend the China model of development of rural area. The Agricultural programs adopted in China's rural development include decentralization of agricultural production, green revolution, commodity-based production, and agricultural market liberalization. Keywords: Entrepreneurship, Sustainable , Rural ,Development, Agriculture