Intensity (and brightness) limitations in the LHC proton injectors

The presently known intensity and brightness limitations in the LHC Proton Injectors are reviewed and the possible cures are outlined

Ultimate LHC beam

The present status of the nominal LHC beam in the LHC injector complex and the limitations towards the achievement of the ultimate brightness are outlined

Optical requirements for the magnetic lattice of the LHC high energy injectors

The basic requirements for the magnetic lattice of the LHC high energy injectors will be given taken into account, wherever possible, the constraints imposed by high energy injection, fast and slow extraction, beam cleaning and dumping, acceleration. Possible solutions, based on presently available technology, will be sketched and potential limitations or difficulties indicated. The paper will focus on the case of a Super-SPS sharing the same tunnel with the present CERN SPS

Electron cloud and ion effects

The significant progress in the understanding and control of machine impedances has allowed obtaining beams with increasing brilliance. Dense positively charged beams generate electron clouds via gas ionization, photoemission and multipacting. The electron cloud in turn interacts with the beam and the surrounding environment originating fast coupled and single bunch instabilities, emittance blow-up, additional loads to vacuum and cryogenic systems, perturbation to beam diagnostics and feedbacks and it constitutes a serious limitation to machine performance. In a similar way high brilliance electron beams are mainly affected by positively charged ions produced by residual gas ionization. Recent observations of electron cloud build-up and its effects in present accelerators are reviewed and compared with theory and with the results of state-of-the-art computer simulations. Two-stream instabilities induced by the interaction between electron beams and ions are discussed. The implications for future accelerators and possible cures are addressed [1]

Detector magnets for charged particle momentum measurement

Basic formulae related to the momentum measurement of charged particles by tracking devices in magnetic fields and typical detector magnet geometries are briefly revised. From these, guidelines are worked out for the determination of the basic specifications (yoke size, excitation current, conductor type and size, cooling) both for normal and superconducting magnets. The problem of magnetic shielding of components placed near big detector magnets is also considered