La imagen y la narrativa como herramientas para el bordaje psicosocial en escenarios de violencia - Departamento de Nariño

La violencia es una problemática social que ha afectado profundamente al ser humano y su contexto, sus diferentes formas de manifestación han dejado un sin número de víctimas que necesitan ser atendidas de manera integral. Desde esta perspectiva el diplomado de profundización acompañamiento psicosocial en escenarios de violencia se convierte en una oportunidad donde el psicólogo en formación se dota de herramientas y habilidades que le permiten intervenir efectivamente en estos contextos. El presente trabajo nos muestra el análisis de dos casos referentes al conflicto armado en Colombia, el caso de Amparo y la masacre en el Salado, historias donde las víctimas narran sus experiencias y nos permiten identificar diferentes afectaciones a nivel físico, psicológico, social, emocional, social, traumas, recursos de afrontamiento y resiliencia que les han permitido continuar con su vida y proyectarse hacia el futuro. Desde el análisis del primer caso se plantean una serie de preguntas reflexivas, circulares y estratégicas que le permiten al facilitador o terapeuta conocer más a fondo la situación de la persona. Desde el análisis del segundo caso se plantean una serie de estrategias con la finalidad de contribuir al fortalecimiento de la salud mental, al mejoramiento de los daños y traumas ocasionados, así como la calidad de vida de las víctimas. Finalmente, se presenta un informe analítico y reflexivo de la experiencia de foto voz y foto intervención realizado en distintos municipios de Colombia, donde se evidencian algunas de las manifestaciones del llamado conflicto armado.Violence is a social problem that has deeply affected the human being and its context, its different forms of manifestation have left countless victims who need to be attended in an integral way. From this perspective, the course of deepening psychosocial accompaniment in scenarios of violence becomes an opportunity where the psychologist in training is equipped with tools and skills that allow him to intervene effectively in these contexts.The present work shows us the analysis of two cases referring to the armed conflict in Colombia, the case of Amparo and the massacre in El Salado, stories where the victims narrate their experiences and allow us to identify different affectations at a physical, psychological, social, emotional level, social, traumas, coping resources and resilience that have allowed them to continue with their lives and project themselves into the future. From the analysis of the first case, a series of reflective, circular and strategic questions are posed that allow the facilitator or therapist to learn more about the person's situation. From the analysis of the second case, a series of strategies are proposed in order to contribute to strengthening mental health, improving the damage and trauma caused, as well as the quality of life of the victims. Finally, an analytical and reflective report of the experience of photovoice and photo intervention carried out in different municipalities of Colombia where some of the manifestations of the so-called armed conflict are evident

Supplementation with Norgold Concentrate + Molasses-Urea at 3% to Grazing Zebu Bovines During the Growing or Fattening Stages in the Dry Season

To determine the production potential of grazing Zebu bovines, using Norgold concentrate + molassesurea at 3% during the growing and fattening stages, 60 young bulls with similar weights and breed characteristics were used. Four experimental groups were made, which grazed for 9h daily, on marvel grass (Dichantium annulatum) + bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum) average quality, 3kg of Pennisetum Cuba CT - 115; 1.0; 1.5; and 2.0 kg of Norgold concentrate for groups I, II, III, and IV, respectively, along with mineral salt and water ad libitum. Initial and final live weight, absolute weight, mean daily gain, and consumption were determined. Cost/benefit was also estimated. The animals in treatment 4 reached 401 kg of live weight (47.43% of their weight in comparison to initial live weight at 180 days); the average daily gain and conversion were 716.66 g and 10.37 kg of feed/kg of live weight, respectively. It was concluded that the treatment including 12.0 and 1.5 kg of Norgold concentrate, respectively, had mean daily gains and feed conversion (P < 0,05) higher than the traditional systems based on molassesurea, and other byproducts. The meat production achieved showed a positive cost/benefit ratio, which means that the system is feasible, productive and cost-effective

Algarroba Effects on Behavior and Dairy Production of Grazing Cows II. Rainy Season.

The influence of arborization with algarroba (Prosopis juliflora SW) on behavior and dairy production of grazing cows was evaluated. The trial was made in the rainy season, and six enclosures per arborization treatment were used (low arborization, with 1-7 trees/ha; mid-arborization, with 12-16 trees/ha; and high arborization, with 20-27 trees/ha). Activities were observed every ten minutes during the mornings and afternoons. The number of animals, and each animal´s activity time was recorded. The dairy production data were collected and compared through a randomized design with six repetitions (ANOVA). Significant differences were observed (P < 0.05) to more arborization in grazing (155-173 min), and the monthly values observed were similar. In fields with low arborization, the cows ate less grass, whereas fields with mid and high arborization, the cows grazed longer, and produced more milk (11.2 and 12.59 kg/c/day)

Effect of Algarroba on Grazing Cow Behavior and Milk Production. I. Dry Season.

The effect of algarroba (Prosopis juliflora SW) arborization on grazing cow behavior and milk production was assessed. The trial was made in the rainy season, and six enclosures were used per arborization treatment (low arborization, 1-7 trees/ha; mid arborization, 12-16 trees/ha; high arborization, 20-27 trees/ha). Rational grazing was performed. The grass rested for 21-28 days, and sprinklers were used for irrigation. The animalsʼ activity time and the number of animals were registered. Milk production values were compared using ANOVA, following a randomized design with six replicas. No significant differences were observed in the morning grazing (118-203 min), but there were significant differences (P < 0.05) in the afternoon, in favor of more arborization (103-125 min), whereas in lands with mid and high arborization, cows ruminated longer, with higher water consumption and milk production, and values between 11.85-13.76 kg/v/day

Leucaena leucocephala cv Perú in Association with Graminaceae in Dryland Conditions for Final Bovine Fattening Stage

To evaluate the factors that affect efficiency in a Leucaena leucocephala cv Perú association, with pastures for bovine fattening, 22 Zebu fattening cycles were studied on a farm of the Rectangulo Livestock Company, in Camagüey, Cuba, between 2002 and 2012. The local soil is brown without carbonates. The climate is tropical humid, and the annual precipitation average is 1 183mm. The factors evaluated were food balance, duration of the fattening cycle, and quantity of animals/cycle. The daily weight gain and expenses/income per operation were also analyzed. The pasture and Leucaena percentages were determined by plant counts. Food balances were estimated. The final value of the population of Leucaena cv Perú was 93% (P <0.05), with an increase in common Bermuda grass and other pastures. Short duration tests showed much higher gains (P <0.05), with values above 1.0 kg/animal/day. The number of animal/cycle (P <0.05) produced higher gains with fewer animals. Forest-grazing in association with Leucaena leucocephala cv Perú-graminaceae under dryland conditions produced mean daily gains above 0.800 kg/animal/day in the final stage of fattening bulls, based on food balances with adequate biological and economic results. The best behavior was observed in the shortest cycles, where the highest final weight/animal values were achieved, with fewer expenses and higher income

Effects of Milled Maize Stalks on the Productive Response of Grazing Dairy Cows.

The productive response of grazing dairy cows was evaluated, using milled corn stalks in the diet. The study was developed in two different settings, in Ecuador (Costa and Sierra regions). On the coast farm (29.1 ha), cows grazed on Bermuda grass (Cynodon nlemfuensis) and Guinea grass (Panicum maximum) with several types of legumes (Lysicarpus, Centrosema, Desmodium, Galactia), supplemented with corn stalks cv. INIAP 125. The animals received 0.46 kg beginning at 3 kg, and milled maize stalks in 30 and 28-day periods, respectively (M-30 and M-28), and control without stalks for 36 days (M-0). The farm in the other region (14.2 ha) had 23 cows grazing on Kikuyo grass (P. clandestinum) and ryegrass-white clover (L. perenne and whole maize stalks and T. (60-70% ripe grain), at a rate of 18 kg green/cow/day for 48 days; and balanced supplement, at a rate of 0.5 kg/ milk liter, after the fourth kilogram, along with minerals. In both cases the forage had effects (P < 0.05) on cow response. In the Sierra area, the increase was 1.68 kg/cow, and in the coast, it was 1.1 and 2.5 kg/cow). Maize stalks served as a nutritional complement for poorly consumed grass areas in both regions; milk production/animal was increased, and the costs were reduced

Bio-economic Impact of Strategic Changes in Murrah River Buffalo Management

The aim of this paper was to evaluate the effects of changes in the strategy to manage the bio-economic efficiency of a Murrah Buffalo production system in the province of Camagüey, Cuba, located 21º north and 77º west, 217 meters above sea level. The climate is tropical humid (Aw) of plains. The mean annual precipitations were 1 180 mm (71% between May and October), the temperatures were between 24 and 29 °C. The soil is brown, without carbonates, and brown-red fersiallitic. The system comprises 5 100 ha and has 536 workers/year. A strategy to introduce management changes in agro-technical, food, reproductive, replacement, health, salary policy, and training was implemented as part of an innovation package with a systemic and participatory approach. The evaluation lasted eight years, and it was critical to increase dairy production in more than 200 000 kg/year in 2012, in comparison to 2004, with improvements in natality and reduction of operational expenses of the system. It was concluded that the strategy had a determining effect on the system's indicators

Fodder, Nitrogen, and Energy Balances in Grasslands with Algarroba Trees (Prosopis juliflora (S.W.) DC.) under Dairy Cow Grazing

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of algarroba (Prosopis juliflora (S.W.) DC.) on fodder, nitrogen and energy contents in Ecuadoran dairy farm grasslands. The study was made at ESPAM bovine facility, 15 meters above sea level, in Manabí, 00º49’23’’, south latitude, and 80º11’01” west longitude, with 962.4 mm of annual precipitation, between September 2011 and December 2014. The stocking rate was 1.09 LU/ha. The areas were populated with 1-4 algarroba trees/ha by 2011, and 8-35 trees/ha, in 2014. Fodder, nitrogen, and energy balances depended on the arborization degree. As a result, 52 t of DM were estimated in 2014, in comparison to the 21 t produced in 2011. Nitrogen was higher with increased arborization between 2011 (60.9 kg/ha), greater nutrient intake from external sources, and 2014 (39.3 kg/ha), with less use of supplements and mineral fertilizers, and greater N2 contribution by arborization. The energy values were higher in 2014, with an increase in algarroba population/ha. The rise in trees/ha in 2014 favored forage yields, with improved N2 and energy efficiency, which was linked to the benefits acquired by the grassland, the contribution of nitrogen to the ecosystem, and the reduction in feed and fertilizer consumption, which led to energy savings

Diagnóstico de sistemas lecheros de trópico alto en Cotopaxi, Ecuador, para mejorar su eficiencia bioeconómica. I. Apreciación Rural Rápida (ARR)

Se realizó un diagnóstico rural con el objetivo de identificar factores que influyen en la eficiencia de sistemas le-cheros de la provincia de Cotopaxi en Ecuador. Las áreas abarcaron 212 familias en un área aproximada de 1 500 ha . En la etapa de diagnóstico por apreciación rural rápida (ARR) se levantó información de un grupo de va-riables con encuestas, luego se aplicó la técnica de reducción de listado con análisis de componentes principales (ACP) y ayuda de productores. La mayor cantidad de limitaciones están ligadas a los aspectos de deficiencias en la conducción del pastoreo, desconocimiento de los rendimientos forrajeros, uso no racional del concentrado, ineficiencia en la crianza de terneras y pérdidas por este concepto, necesidades de capacitación, las cuales son típicas de estas explotaciones especializadas en producción de leche con ganado Holstein, así los componentes estaban integrados por variables de área, carga, pasto, su calidad y uso del balanceado. En conclusión, a los resultados de esta primera aproximación al diagnóstico de los sistemas lecheros de Cotopaxi, tenemos que el valor del conocimiento técnico por los productores, los cuales identifican problemas o lagunas en su capacitación, al igual que los problemas de falta de industria en la comunidad y las pérdidas por calidad de la leche, son determinantes a resolver para alcanzar mayor eficiencia en los sistemas lecheros de la zona. ABSTRACTA rural diagnostic was made in order to identify factors that influence the efficiency of dairy systems in Cotopaxi, Ecuador. The study covered 212 families, in 1 500 ha . During the quick rural assessment (QRA), information was gathered, using a group of variables in the survey. Then, principal component analysis (PCA) was made to reduce the list. The assistance of farmers was also important. Most limitations are related to deficiencies during grazing, due to poor knowledge of forage yields, rational concentrate feed use, inefficiency in calf breeding and related losses, and farmer training needs. All of them typical of systems specialized in milk productions, using Holstein. Accordingly, the components were integrated by the following variables: area, grass, grass quality and balance feed use. In conclu-sion, the results from this first diagnostic approximation to dairy systems in Cotopaxi revealed that poor farmer´s technical knowledge, the absence of a local industry, and losses related to poor milk quality, must be solved, in order to achieve greater efficiency in the local dairy systems, must be solved

Influencia del algarrobo en la conducta y producción de leche de vacas en pastoreo. I I . Período l luvioso

Se  evaluó  la  influencia  de  la  arborización  con  algarrobo (Prosopis  juliflora  SW)  en  la  conducta  y  producción  de leche  de  vacas  en  pastoreo.   El  ensayo  se  realizó  en época  de  lluvia  y  se  utilizaron  seis  cuartones  por tratamiento  de arborización  (bajo  grado  de  arborización  con 1-7  árboles/ha;   medio  grado  de  arborización  con  1 2- 1 6  árboles/ha  y  alto  grado  de  arborización  20-27 árboles/ha.   En  la  mañana  y  en  la  tarde  se  observaban  las actividades  cada  1 0  min.   Se registró  el  tiempo  del  animal  en actividad,  el  número  de  animales .  Se  tomó  la  información  de  la  producción  de  leche/tratamiento  y  en  un  diseño  al azar  con  seis  repeticiones  se  comparó  mediante  Anava. Se  registraron  diferencias significativas  (P  <  0, 05)  a  favor  de  mayor  arborización  en  pastoreo  ( 1 55- 1 73  min)  y  los índices  tuvieron  un  comportamiento  muy  similar  por  meses.   En  potreros  con  baja  carga  arbórea  las  vacas consumen  menos  pasto,  mientras  que en  potreros  con medio  y  alto  grado  de  arborización,  las  vacas  pastaron más  tiempo  y  tuvieron  mayor  producción  de leche  con valores  entre  1 1 , 02  y  1 2, 50  kg/v/día. Effect  of  Algarroba  on  Grazing  Cow  Behavior  and  Milk  Production.  II.  Rainy  Season ABSTRACTThe  effect  of  algarroba  (Prosopis juliflora  SW)  arborization on  grazing  cow  behavior  and  milk  production  was assessed.   The  trial  was  made  in  the  rainy  season,  and six  enclosures  were  used  per  arborization  treatment  (low  arborization,  1 -7  trees/ha;  mid  arborization,  1 2- 1 6 trees/ha;  high  arborization,  20-27  trees/ha) .   The  time  of each  animal during  activity,  and  the  number  of  animals, were  registered.   Milk  production  values  were  compared using  ANOVA, following  a  randomized  design  with  six replicas.   The  significant  differences  were  registered  (P  <  0. 05)  positively toward  greater  arborization  grazing  ( 1 55- 1 73  min) ,  and  the  indexes  had  a  very  similar  behavior  for months.   In  poorly arborized  grazing  lands  cows  consumed less  pasture,  whereas  in  highly  arborized  lands,  cows stayed  longer  and  pro-duced  more  milk  ( 1 1 . 02  and  1 2. 50  kg/cow/day).