Comparison of viral phenotypes of 21 mother-child pairs.

(a)<p>Isolates from corresponding mother-child pairs are indicated by the same number preceded by a letter: A for mothers and B for children. Time of sampling is indicated in parenthesis as months before (-), after (+) or within 1 week from (0) delivery/birth. </p><p>Pairs were grouped according to the mother's virus phenotype, i.e. first those carrying an R5^narrow, than an R5^broad and last an R5X4 virus.</p><p>Samples were used to infect U87.CD4 cells expressing wild type CCR5 or CXCR4, or one of the chimeric receptors FC-1, FC-2, FC-4b, FC-5, FC-6 or FC-7. Experiments were repeated twice. –, means no chimeric receptor is used.</p

Distribution of the viral phenotype of transmitting and non transmitting mothers.

<p>Distribution of R5 (black) <i>vs.</i> R5X4 (white) viruses within all virus phenotypes (n = 59 viruses; p = n.s., Fisher's Exact Test) and of R5^narrow (dark gray) <i>vs.</i> R5^broad (light gray) within the R5 phenotype (n = 49 viruses; p = n.s., Fisher's Exact Test).</p

Schematic representation of the chemokine receptors CCR5 and CXCR4 and the chimeric CCR5/CXCR4 receptors.

<p>Chimeric receptors FC-1, FC-2, FC-4b, FC-5, FC-6 and FC-7 were obtained by replacing successively larger parts of CCR5 with corresponding regions of CXCR4.</p

Clinical and viral characteristics of HIV-1 infected children^(a).

(a)<p>symbol - means that the event has not occurred. n.a. = not available. Mos means months of age. Age of appearance of the different conditions is always indicated in months.</p>(b)<p>Narrow and broad refer to viruses with R5 phenotype. Viruses able to exclusively use wild type CCR5 receptor are defined narrow, whereas those using chimeric receptors besides the wild type CCR5 are defined broad. In parenthesis is indicated the age in months of the virus phenotype determination.</p><p>Statistical analysis: Influence of virus R5^broad phenotype on disease progression including children of group 1 and 2, or children of group 1, 2 and 3: p = 0.0260 and p = 0.0218 (Pearson's chi Square), respectively.</p>(c)<p>Age of entry into clinical or immunological category. Categories are defined according to the Centers for Disease Controls <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0003292#pone.0003292-Control2" target="_blank">[21]</a>: CDC 3 = severe immune suppression; CDC B = moderate clinical manifestations; CDC C = severe clinical manifestations.</p>(d)<p>Age of start of mono or dual antiretroviral therapy, not HAART.</p