Are good jobs disappearing in Canada?

Based on their analysis of changes in the share of jobs falling in certain real wage categories over 1997-2004, the authors suggest that well-paid jobs ($25 an hour or more) are not disappearing in Canada. Morissette and Johnson also find little evidence that the relative importance of well-paid jobs has declined or that the relative importance of low-paid jobs (less than$10 hour) has risen over the past two decades.Labor market - Canada ; Business cycles - Canada ; Economic conditions - Canada

Les bons emplois disparaissent-ils au Canada?

En nous reportant aux donnees sur les salaires horaires de l'Enquete sur la population active et d'enquetes anterieures aupres des menages pour la periode 1981 a 2004, nous evaluons si l'importance relative des emplois respectivement mal et bien remuneres a evolue ces 20 dernieres annees. Comme nous ne savons au juste si les tendances des niveaux salariaux degagees a l'aide de toutes les enquetes en question sont exemptes de biais, nous nous abstenons de nous prononcer definitivement sur cette evolution. Dans le jugement porte sur le phenomene de la disparition des emplois remunerateurs au pays, nous nous attachons aux tendances recentes, c'est a-dire aux variations de la proportion d'emplois appartenant a certaines categories salariales (salaires reels) de 1997 a 2004. Il n'y a guere d'indications selon lesquelles l'importance relative des emplois bien remuneres serait en decroissance depuis 20 ans ou depuis la seconde moitie de la decennie 1990. Rien n'indique vraiment non plus que l'importance relative des emplois mal remuneres, c'est a-dire commandant un salaire horaire de moins de 10 $, s'est accrue dans ces deux periodes. Nous constatons, a l'instar des auteurs de nombreuses etudes anterieures, que l'ecart salarial entre les jeunes travailleurs et les autres a nettement augmente ces 20 dernieres annees, sans qu'evolue outre mesure l'ecart correspondant entre les diplomes d'universite et les autres travailleurs. Aspect plus important encore, nous pouvons voir que, a l'interieur des tranches d'age, les salaires des travailleurs nouvellement embauches des deux sexes, c'est a-dire comptant deux ans d'anciennete ou moins, ont beaucoup baisse par rapport a ceux des autres travailleurs. Ajoutons que, dans le secteur prive, la proportion de nouveaux travailleurs occupant des emplois temporaires est nettement en hausse, etant passee de 11 % en 1989 a 21 % en 2004. Chez les employes comptant un an d'anciennete ou moins, la frequence du travail temporaire est passee de 14% en 1989 a 25% en 2004. Enfin, la participation aux regimes de retraite a diminue chez les hommes de tout age et chez les femmes de moins de 45 ans. Ensemble, ces constatations semblent indiquer que les entreprises canadiennes (anciennes et nouvelles) ont reagi a l'intensification de la concurrence intraindustrielle et etrangere en offrant moins en salaires a leurs nouveaux travailleurs, en multipliant les emplois temporaires et en mettant moins souvent a la disposition de leur personnel des regimes de retraite garantissant des prestations determinees a l'heure de la retraite.Employment and unemployment, Income, pensions, spending and wealth, Labour, Non-wage benefits, Pension plans and funds and other retirement income programs, Wages, salaries and other earnings

Offshoring and Employment in Canada: Some Basic Facts

In this study, we assemble a wide variety of data sets in an attempt to produce a set of stylized facts regarding offshoring and the evolution of Canadian employment in recent years. Our main finding is that, in almost all of the data sets used, there is, so far, little evidence of a correlation between offshoring, however defined, and the evolution of employment and layoff rates. While our analyses are fairly simple, they all suggest that if foreign outsourcing has had an impact on Canadian employment and worker displacement so far, this impact is likely to be modest and thus, unlikely to be detected either with industry-level or occupation-level data.Employment and unemployment, Globalization and the labour market, International trade, Labour, Service imports

Earnings of Couples with High and Low Levels of Education, 1980-2000

This study explores the labour market performance of low and high educated couples using Census data for the period 1980 to 2000.Education, training and learning, Educational attainment, Household, family and personal income, Income, pensions, spending and wealth, Job training and educational attainment, Labour, Outcomes of education, Wages, salaries and other earnings

Are Good Jobs Disappearing in Canada?

Using hourly wage data from the Labour Force Survey as well as previous household surveys covering the 1981-2004 period, we assess whether the relative importance of low-paid jobs and well-paid jobs has changed over the last two decades. Since it is unclear whether trends in wage levels obtained from all the aforementioned surveys are unbiased, we refrain from making definitive statements regarding the evolution of low-paid and well-paid jobs over the 1981-2004 period. When assessing whether well-paid jobs are disappearing in Canada, we focus our attention on recent trends, i.e. on changes in the fraction of jobs falling in certain (real) wage categories during the 1997-2004 period. We find little evidence that the relative importance of well-paid jobs - however defined - has fallen over the last two decades or since the second half of the 1990s. We also find little evidence that the relative importance of low-paid jobs, those paying less than $10.00 per hour, has risen during these two periods. We show, along with numerous previous studies, that the wage gap between young workers and their older counterparts has risen substantially over the last two decades but that the wage gap between university graduates and other workers has shown little change. More important, we show that, within age groups, wages of newly hired male and female employees - those with two years of seniority or less - have fallen substantially relative to those of others. Second, in the private sector, the fraction of new employees employed in temporary jobs has risen substantially, increasing from 11% in 1989 to 21% in 2004. Among employees with one year of seniority or less, the incidence of temporary work rose from 14% in 1989 to 25% in 2004. Third, pension coverage has fallen among men of all ages and among females under 45. Taken together, these findings suggest that Canadian firms (existing or newly-born) have responded to growing competition within industries and from abroad by reducing their wage offers for new employees, by offering temporary jobs to a growing proportion of them and by offering less often pension plans that guarantee defined benefits at the time of retirement.Employment and unemployment, Income, pensions, spending and wealth, Labour, Non-wage benefits, Pension plans and funds and other retirement income programs, Wages, salaries and other earnings

Association between CYP2D6 Genotypes and the Risk of Antidepressant Discontinuation, Dosage Modification and the Occurrence of Maternal Depression during Pregnancy

Importance: Polymorphic expression of drug metabolizing enzymes affects the metabolism of antidepressants, and thus can contribute to drug response and/or adverse events. Pregnancy itself can affect CYP2D6 activity with profound variations determined by CYP2D6 genotype. Objective: To investigate the association between CYP2D6 genotype and the risk of antidepressant discontinuation, dosage modification, and the occurrence of maternal CYP2D6, Antidepressants, Depression during pregnancy. Setting: Data from the Organization of Teratology Information Specialists (OTIS) Antidepressants in Pregnancy Cohort, 2006-2010, were used. Women were eligible if they were within 14 completed weeks of pregnancy at recruitment and exposed to an antidepressant or having any exposures considered non-teratogenic. Main Outcomes and Measures: Gestational antidepressant usage was self-reported and defined as continuous/discontinued use, and non-use; dosage modification was further documented. Maternal depression and anxiety were measured every trimester using the telephone interviewer-administered Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale and the Beck Anxiety Inventory, respectively. Saliva samples were collected and used for CYP2D6 genotype analyses. Logistic regression models were used to calculate crude and adjusted odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals. Results: A total of 246 pregnant women were included in the study. The majority were normal metabolizers (NM, n = 204, 83%); 3.3% (n = 8) were ultrarapid metabolizers (UM), 5.7%(n = 14) poor metabolizers (PM), and 8.1%(n= 20) intermediate metabolizers (IM). Among study subjects, 139 women were treated with antidepressants at the beginning of pregnancy, and 21 antidepressant users (15%) discontinued therapy during pregnancy. Adjusting for depressive symptoms, and other potential confounders, the risk of discontinuing antidepressants during pregnancy was nearly four times higher in slow metabolizers (poor or intermediate metabolizers) compared to those with a faster metabolism rate (normal or ultrarapid metabolizers), aOR = 3.57 (95% CI: 1.15-11.11). Predicted CYP2D6 metabolizer status did not impact dosage modifications. Compared with slow metabolizers, significantly higher proportion of women in the fast metabolizer group had depressive symptomin the first trimester (19.81 vs. 5.88%, P = 0.049). Almost 21% of treated women remained depressed during pregnancy (14.4% NM-UM; 6.1% PM-IM). Conclusions and Relevance: Prior knowledge of CYP2D6 genotype may help to identify pregnant women at greater risk of antidepressant discontinuation. Twenty percent of women exposed to antidepressants during pregnancy remained depressed, indicating an urgent need for personalized treatment of depression during pregnancy.Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) [IHD-79787]; "Fonds de la recherche en sante du Quebec" (FRSQ); "Conseil du medicament" of Quebec, Canada; Canadian Institutes of Health ResearchOpen access journal.This item from the UA Faculty Publications collection is made available by the University of Arizona with support from the University of Arizona Libraries. If you have questions, please contact us at [email protected]