Maximum travel distance reported by each individual over five weekdays (Mon-Fri).

<p>(A) Holiday weekdays, error bars show bootstrapped 95% confidence intervals; (B) term weekdays; (C) histogram of maximum distances travelled in term and holiday for each individual in the study. Colour indicates proportion of individuals who travelled each pair of distances.</p

Furthest distance reported by participants during term weekdays (2,653 movements), holiday weekdays (3,086 movements) and weekends (2,540 movements).

<p>Arrows indicate direction of travel; colours show location of different schools in the survey, grouped by district. Point locations are jittered uniformly within 2.5km grids to preserve anonymity and reduce over plotting.</p

Comparison of reported movement distances.

<p>(A) Travel patterns for school children during holiday weekdays (Mon-Fri), with error bars showing bootstrapped 95% confidence intervals; (B) term weekdays; (C) weekends; (D) adult commuting patterns in same locations as our study, as reported in 2001 UK Census.</p

Odds ratios for explanatory variables with 95% credible intervals.

<p>Odds ratios for explanatory variables with 95% credible intervals.</p

Slaughterhouse effects.

<p>Posterior variances against posterior means for the slaughterhouse hierarchical intercepts terms, shown against each other (left-hand panel) and mapped to the spatial locations of the slaughterhouses (right-hand panel). The larger the point, the more precisely the term has been estimated, with blue points corresponding to slaughterhouses that find more cases than expected, and red points corresponding to slaughterhouses that find less cases than expected, according to the fitted model.</p

Descriptive plots of numbers of breakdowns of different types over time.

<p>Number of Officially TB Free Suspended (OTFS) and Officially TB Free Withdrawn (OTFW) breakdowns, and the number of OTFW breakdowns initiated either through slaughterhouse surveillance (SLH) or skin (SICCT) testing per year, stratified by Parish Testing Interval (PTI). (Note the different <i>y</i>-axis scales in each plot). The trend lines and 95% confidence intervals are obtained from simple loess smoothing.</p

Descriptive plots of proportions of breakdowns of different types over time.

<p>Proportions of total breakdowns (BD) that are Officially TB Free Withdrawn (OTFW), and proportion of OTFW breakdowns that are initiated in the slaughterhouse (SLH) per year, stratified by Parish Testing Interval (PTI). (Note the different <i>y</i>-axis scales in each plot). The trend lines and 95% confidence intervals are obtained from simple loess smoothing.</p

Animal-level variables used in regression model.

<p>Animal-level variables used in regression model.</p

Sample set used in the current study.

<p>These represent 625 animals and 22 breeds drawn from an original set of 1810 samples collected. Qualifications for inclusion are: being genotyped for marker INRA111, having passed their first SICCT test, being recorded in the VeBus database and having at least four other samples from the same breed. The Table lists, for each of these breeds, the abbreviated code, the full breed name and the numbers of non-reactors (NR) and reactors (R), partitioned by whether they derived from the original (O-) Driscoll et al. study <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0058245#pone.0058245-Driscoll1" target="_blank">[14]</a> (n = 141) or are new (N-) samples (n = 385).</p

Genetic Predisposition to Pass the Standard SICCT Test for Bovine Tuberculosis in British Cattle

<div><p>Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) imposes an important financial burden on the British cattle industry, yet despite intense efforts to control its spread, incidence is currently rising. Surveillance for bTB is based on a skin test that measures an immunological response to tuberculin. Cattle that fail the test are classified as “reactors” and slaughtered. Recent studies have identified genetic markers associated with the reaction of cattle to the tuberculin test. At marker INRA111 a relatively common ‘22’ genotype occurs significantly more frequently in non-reactor cattle. Here we test the possibility that the putative protective ‘22’ genotype does not confer resistance but instead causes cattle that carry it to react less strongly to the prescribed test, and hence avoid slaughter, potentially even though they are infected. We show that, after controlling for age and breed, ‘22’ cattle react less strongly to the immunological challenge and may therefore be less likely to be classified as a reactor. These results highlight the potential discrepancy between infection and test status and imply that the effectiveness of the test-and-slaughter policy may be being compromised by selection for cattle that are genetically predisposed to react less strongly to tuberculin.</p> </div