4 research outputs found
Probing the Role of Water Chemistry on the Behavior of Clays in Process and Natural Environments Using Solution Calorimetry
Clays, due to their
specific surface area and electrical charge
density, are among the most active minerals in aquifers, oil and gas
reservoirs, and tailings ponds. Important problems, such as limited
yield of oil recovery during petroleum exploration, involve the interaction
of process fluids with minerals which constitute reservoir pore walls.
During mine tailings treatment and management, water chemistry impacts
the aggregation and settling of clays. Solution calorimetry is a sensitive
probe for species transfer to and from clay surfaces, and for the
measurement of the effects of water chemistry (temperature, pH, salinity)
on clay particle surfaces, in this case, kaolinite, illite, and montmorillonite.
In this work, we show that interactions between clays and surrounding
water are temperature-independent for all three clay types and that
water chemistry has no measurable effect on the surface properties
of illite. For kaolinite, water pH does impact surface properties
and has a synergistic impact with salinity at high pH. The surface
properties of montmorillonite are sensitive to water pH and salinity.
These data and observations extend a solution enthalpy modeling framework
for clays and contaminated clays in water and liquid hydrocarbons.
In the next phases of this work, entropic effects will be addressed
so that a quantitative Gibbs free energy modeling framework for the
enthalpy of solution of clays can be constructed and linked to clay
settlement kinetics
Probing the Impact of Asphaltene Contamination on Kaolinite and Illite Clay Behaviors in Water and Organic Solvents: A Calorimetric Study
A detailed understanding
of the impacts of trace compounds and
asphaltene adsorption on the behavior of clays contributes to the
development of production processes for heavy oils and bitumen with
lower environmental impacts, to the treatment of tailings from mined
bitumen, and to the mitigation of impacts from oil spills in natural
environments. Probes, such as solution calorimetry, are sensitive
to species transfer to and from clay surfaces and outcomes can be
interpreted unambiguously when supplemented with thermogravimetric
analysis and scanning electron microscopy measurements. In this study,
the effects of asphaltene coating on the enthalpy of solution of kaolinite
and illite clays in toluene, <i>n</i>-heptane, and deionized
water were investigated at 60 °C and atmospheric pressure. Asphaltene
coating increases organic compound sorption but does not impact water
sorption vis-à-vis uncoated clay particles or water displacement
from clay particles by organic liquids as solvents or as trace contaminants
in water. Experimental outcomes are interpreted using a quantitative
mass and energy balance model framework that isolates terms for solvent
and trace contaminant sorption/desorption and surface energy effects.
Mechanistic and quantitative insights underlying the stability of
asphaltene-coated clay dispersions in tailings ponds and the behaviors
of these clays in diverse industrial and natural environments are
discussed
Probing Contaminant Transport to and from Clay Surfaces in Organic Solvents and Water Using Solution Calorimetry
Clays, in tailings, are a significant
ongoing environmental concern
in the mining and oilsands production industries, and clay rehabilitation
following contamination poses challenges episodically. Understanding
the fundamentals of clay behavior can lead to better environmental
impact mitigation strategies. Systematic calorimetric measurements
are shown to provide a framework for parsing the synergistic and antagonistic
impacts of trace (i.e., parts per million level) components on the
surface compositions of clays. The enthalpy of solution of as-received
and “contaminated” clays, in as-received and “contaminated”
organic solvents and water, at 60 °C and atmospheric pressure,
provides important illustrative examples. Clay contamination included
pre-saturation of clays with water and organic liquids. Solvent contamination
included the addition of trace water to organic solvents and trace
organic liquids to water. Enthalpy of solution outcomes are interpreted
using a quantitative mass and energy balance modeling framework that
isolates terms for solvent and trace contaminant sorption/desorption
and surface energy effects. Underlying surface energies are shown
to dominate the energetics of the solvent–clay interaction,
and organic liquids as solvents or as trace contaminants are shown
to displace water from as-received clay surfaces. This approach can
be readily extended to include pH, salts, or other effects and is
expected to provide mechanistic and quantitative insights underlying
the stability of clays in tailings ponds and the behaviors of clays
in diverse industrial and natural environments
Gold Core Nanoparticle Mimics for Asphaltene Behaviors in Solution and at Interfaces
Asphaltenes are a
poorly defined class of self-assembling and surface
active molecules present in crude oils. The nature and structure of
the nanoaggregates they form remain subjects of debate and speculation.
In this exploratory work, the surface properties of asphaltene nanoaggregates
are probed using electrically neutral 5 nm diameter gold-core nanoparticles
with alkyl, aromatic, and alkanol functionalities on their surfaces.
These custom synthesized nanoparticles are characterized, and their
enthalpies of solution at near infinite dilution and the interfacial
tensions of solutions containing these nanoparticles are compared
with the corresponding values for Athabasca pentane asphaltenes. The
enthalpies of solution of these asphaltenes in toluene, heptane, pyridine,
ethanol, and water are consistent with the behavior of gold-alkyl
nanoparticles. The interfacial tension values of these asphaltenes
at toluene–water and (toluene + heptane)–water interfaces
are consistent with the behavior of gold-biphenyl nanoparticles as
are the tendencies for these asphaltenes and gold-biphenyl nanoparticles
to “precipitate” in toluene + heptane mixtures. Gold-alkyl
nanoparticles are minimally surface active at toluene–water
and (toluene + heptane)–water interfaces and remain dispersed
in all toluene + heptane mixtures. The behavior of these asphaltenes
in solution and at interfaces is inconsistent with the behavior of
gold-<i>n</i>-alkanol nanoparticles. The outcomes of this
formative work indicate potential roles for aromatic submolecular
motifs on aggregate surfaces as a basis for interpreting asphaltene
nanoparticle flocculation and interfacial properties, while alkyl
submolecular motifs on aggregate surfaces appear to provide a basis
for interpreting other aspects of asphaltene solution behavior. A
number of lines of inquiry for future work are suggested