Multinational Corporations as Catalyst for Industrial Development: The Case of Poland

In a recent model Markusen and Venables (1999) describe the conditions under which foreign direct investments (FDI) can act as a catalyst for local industrial development. We apply this framework to the case of Poland, allowing for the entry of multinationals in both intermediates and consumption goods industry. We check these assumptions against empirical evidence, exploring agglomeration patterns of multinational and domestic firms at the regional level, and constructing an econometric model able to measure the interactions between the two classes of firms. We find evidence going in the direction of both direct spill-overs and backward and forward linkages between domestic and multinational firms.http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/39752/3/wp368.pd

Business Groups as Hierarchies of Firms: Determinants of Vertical Integration and Performance

We explore the nature of Business Groups, that is network-like forms of hierarchical organization between legally autonomous firms spanning both within and across national borders. Exploiting a unique dataset of 270,474 headquarters controlling more than 1,500,000 (domestic and foreign) affiliates in all countries worldwide, we find that business groups account for a significant part of value-added generation in both developed and developing countries, with a prevalence in the latter. In order to characterize their boundaries, we distinguish between an affiliate vs. a group-level index of vertical integration, as well as an entropy-like metric able to summarize the hierarchical complexity of a group and its trade-off between exploitation of knowledge as an input across the hierarchy and the associated communication costs. We relate these metrics to host country institutional characteristics, as well as to the performance of affiliates across business groups. Conditional on institutional quality, a negative correlation exists between vertical integration and organizational complexity in defining the boundaries of business groups. We also find a robust (albeit non-linear) positive relationship between a group's organizational complexity and productivity which dominates the already known correlation between vertical integration and productivity. Results are in line with the theoretical framework of knowledge-based hierarchies developed by the literature, in which intangible assets are a complementary input in the production processes

Multinational Corporations as Catalyst for Industrial Development: The Case of Poland

In a recent model Markusen and Venables (1999) describe the conditions under which foreign direct investments (FDI) can act as a catalyst for local industrial development. We apply this framework to the case of Poland, allowing for the entry of multinationals in both intermediates and consumption goods industry. We check these assumptions against empirical evidence, exploring agglomeration patterns of multinational and domestic firms at the regional level, and constructing an econometric model able to measure the interactions between the two classes of firms. We find evidence going in the direction of both direct spill-overs and backward and forward linkages between domestic and multinational firms.economic geography, FDI, transition economies

Trade Complexity and Productivity

We exploit a panel dataset of Hungarian firms merged with product-level trade data for the period 1992-2003 to investigate the relation between firms' trading activities (importing, exporting or both) and productivity. We find important self-selection effects of the most productive firms induced by the existence of heterogeneous sunk costs of trade, for both importers and exporters. We relate these sunk costs of trade to the relationship-specific nature of the trade activities, entailing a certain degree of technological and organizational complexity. We also show that, to the extent that imports and exports are correlated within firms, failing to control for the importing activity leads to overstated average productivity premia of exporters.Trade Openness, Firms' Heterogeneity, Productivity

Changing Patterns of International Integration: Germany and Italy in the Countries of EU Enlargement

offshoring undertaken in the new members of EU in the period 1998-2006. Recent empirical evidence (Danninger, Joutz 2007 IMF) shows that dominant factors explaining the increase in German market shares are trade relationships with fast growing countries and regionalized production in the export sector. According to the empirical evidence available for Italy (Di Maio, Tamagni 2006), the productivity/income content of trade specialization has decreased in the last decade. After an in-depth analysis of bilateral trade flows by final goods and intermediate goods categories, trade data are linked to the firm-level productivity analysis of Italian and German presence in the new member states of European Union. The domestic value added content and the imported intermediates content of exports from both countries to new members are disentangled following Hummels, Ishii and Yi (2001), whereas a sample of 38270 firms, located in new member states but owned by residents in old members, allows not only to measure relative firm-level productivity, but also to control for pure ownership effect, vertical versus horizontal FDI strategy and corporate governance characteristics. Data come from different sources: Eurostat-ComExt for trade, national statistics offices for input output tables, AMADEUS for firm-level data.DYNREG

Trade Complexity and Productivity

We exploit a panel dataset of Hungarian firms merged with product-level trade data for the period 1992-2003 to investigate the relation between firms' trading activities (importing, exporting or both) and productivity. We find important self-selection effects of the most productive firms induced by the existence of heterogeneous sunk costs of trade, for both importers and exporters. We relate these sunk costs of trade to the relationship-specific nature of the trade activities, entailing a certain degree of technological and organizational complexity as measured by a number of proxies. We also show that, to the extent that imports and exports are correlated within firms, failing to control for the importing activity leads to overstated average productivity premia of exporters.trade openness, firms' heterogeneity, productivity

FDI in the CEEC's and the theory of real options: An empirical assessment

Building on the empirical evidence resulting from a newly developed database of foreign direct investment (FDI) operations in the countries of Central and Eastern Europe (CEECs), panel data techniques are used to show that, at the sector level, a consistent modelling of FDI flows needs to take into account not only the determinants traditionally considered by the literature, including the recent developments on gravity models, but also variables linked to the institutional environment in which the FDI is undertaken. The inclusion of these variables, affecting the risk and the uncertainty of the FDI operation, is in line with the main findings of the real option theory of investments, whose implications are here empirically tested with success

Import Penetration, Intermediate Inputs and Productivity: Evidence from Italian Firms

We test the impact of import penetration on the productivity of a sample of roughly 35,000 Italian manufacturing firms operating in the period 1996-2003, considering the impact on productivity of both import penetration in the same industry and import penetration in the up-stream industries. We find that import penetration has a positive effect on productivity, but the effects are three times as large for import penetration in up-stream industries. Trade-related variables do not account however for the bulk of variation in individual firms' TFP.DYNREG, import penetration, intermediate inputs, productivity

Assessing the Competitive Behaviour of Firms in the Single Market: A Micro-based Approach

This Report analyses and compares a number of indicators related to the evolution of the competitive behaviour of firms in the Single Market, from 1999 to 2007, in a selected number of both manufacturing and services industries and eight EU countries: Belgium, Germany, France, Italy, Poland, Romania, Spain and Sweden. A novelty of the approach is that the analysis is derived from firm-level observable data, which allow to grasp not only information on the average changes taking place in each industry and across countries, but also the distribution and sources of these changes in terms of individual firms' pricing behaviour and market shares, an information which is impossible to gather in detail from aggregate, traditional sector-level measure

Assessing the Competitive Behaviour of Firms in the Single Market: A Micro-based Approach

This Report analyses and compares a number of indicators related to the evolution of the competitive behaviour of firms in the Single Market, from 1999 to 2007, in a selected number of both manufacturing and services industries and eight EU countries: Belgium, Germany, France, Italy, Poland, Romania, Spain and Sweden. A novelty of the approach is that the analysis is derived from firm-level observable data, which allow to grasp not only information on the average changes taking place in each industry and across countries, but also the distribution and sources of these changes in terms of individual firms' pricing behaviour and market shares, an information which is impossible to gather in detail from aggregate, traditional sector-level measure