N‑Substituted Phenoxazine and Acridone Derivatives: Structure–Activity Relationships of Potent P2X4 Receptor Antagonists

P2X4 receptor antagonists have potential as drugs for the treatment of neuropathic pain and neurodegenerative diseases. In the present study the discovery of phenoxazine derivatives as potent P2X4 antagonists is described. N-Substituted phenoxazine and related acridone and benzoxazine derivatives were synthesized and optimized with regard to their potency to inhibit ATP-induced calcium influx in 1321N1 astrocytoma cells stably transfected with the human P2X4 receptor. In addition, species selectivity (rat, mouse, human) and receptor subtype selectivity (versus P2X1,2,3,7) were investigated. The most potent P2X4 antagonist of the present series was <i>N</i>-(benzyloxycarbonyl)­phenoxazine (<b>26</b>, PSB-12054) with an IC₅₀ of 0.189 μM and good selectivity versus the other human P2X receptor subtypes. <i>N</i>-(<i>p</i>-Methylphenylsulfonyl)­phenoxazine (<b>21</b>, PSB-12062) was identified as a selective P2X4 antagonist that was equally potent in all three species (IC₅₀: 0.928–1.76 μM). The compounds showed an allosteric mechanism of action. The present study represents the first structure–activity relationship analysis of P2X4 antagonists

α,β-Methylene-ADP (AOPCP) Derivatives and Analogues: Development of Potent and Selective <i>ecto</i>-5′-Nucleotidase (CD73) Inhibitors

<i>ecto</i>-5′-Nucleotidase (<i>e</i>N, CD73) catalyzes the hydrolysis of extracellular AMP to adenosine. <i>e</i>N inhibitors have potential for use as cancer therapeutics. The <i>e</i>N inhibitor α,β-methylene-ADP (AOPCP, adenosine-5′-<i>O</i>-[(phosphonomethyl)­phosphonic acid]) was used as a lead structure, and derivatives modified in various positions were prepared. Products were tested at rat recombinant <i>e</i>N. 6-(Ar)­alkylamino substitution led to the largest improvement in potency. <i>N</i>⁶-Monosubstitution was superior to symmetrical <i>N</i>⁶,<i>N</i>⁶-disubstitution. The most potent inhibitors were <i>N</i>⁶-(4-chlorobenzyl)- (<b>10l</b>, PSB-12441, <i>K</i>_i 7.23 nM), <i>N</i>⁶-phenylethyl- (<b>10h</b>, PSB-12425, <i>K</i>_i 8.04 nM), and <i>N</i>⁶-benzyl-adenosine-5′-<i>O</i>-[(phosphonomethyl)­phosphonic acid] (<b>10g</b>, PSB-12379, <i>K</i>_i 9.03 nM). Replacement of the 6-NH group in <b>10g</b> by O (<b>10q</b>, PSB-12431) or S (<b>10r</b>, PSB-12553) yielded equally potent inhibitors (<b>10q</b>, 9.20 nM; <b>10r</b>, 9.50 nM). Selected compounds investigated at the human enzyme did not show species differences; they displayed high selectivity versus other <i>ecto</i>-nucleotidases and ADP-activated P2Y receptors. Moreover, high metabolic stability was observed. These compounds represent the most potent <i>e</i>N inhibitors described to date