Sea Level-Driven Marsh Migration Results in Rapid Net Loss of Carbon

Sea level rise alters coastal carbon cycling by driving the rapid migration of coastal ecosystems, salinization of freshwater systems, and replacement of terrestrial forests with tidal wetlands. Wetland soils accumulate carbon (C) at faster rates than terrestrial soils, implying that sea level rise may lead to enhanced carbon accumulation. Here, we show that carbon stored in tree biomass greatly exceeds carbon stored in adjacent marsh soils so that marsh migration reduces total carbon stocks by ∼50% in less than 100 years. Continued marsh soil carbon accumulation may eventually offset forest carbon loss, but we estimate that the time for replacement is similar to estimates of marsh survival (i.e., centuries), which suggests that forest C may never be replaced. These findings reveal a critical C source not included in coastal C budgets driven by migrating ecosystems and rapidly shifting allocations between carbon stored in soils and biomass.</p

Data Analysis (pdf) from Rapid evolution of diet choice in an introduced population of Trinidadian guppies

pdf file with the commented code used for data analysi

Data Analysis code from Rapid evolution of diet choice in an introduced population of Trinidadian guppies

RMarkdown file with the commented code used for data analysi

Raw Data from Rapid evolution of diet choice in an introduced population of Trinidadian guppies

CSV file with the raw data for the stud

Additional file 1: of Acceptability of the method of administration of a patient-reported outcome measure (PROM) with stroke survivors, a randomised controlled trial protocol

Standard Protocol Items: Recommendations for Interventional Trials (SPIRIT) 2013 Checklist: recommended items to address in a clinical trial protocol and related documents. (DOC 121 kb

Dataset: The Effect of Marsh Age on Ecosystem Function in a Rapidly Transgressing Marsh

Sea-level rise is leading to the migration of marshes into coastal forests throughout North America. Marsh migration represents a primary mechanism for marsh survival in the face of sea-level rise and leads to a fundamental reorganization of vegetation communities. Yet, the ecological implications of these changes remain unknown. To evaluate the effect of marsh migration on ecosystem function, we compared habitat, primary production, vertical accretion, nutrient cycling, and carbon accumulation between new and old salt marsh on Goodwin Island (Virginia, USA) where salt marsh is migrating landward into rapidly retreating coastal forest. Using historical imagery and radioisotopic dating of sediment cores, we determined marsh age (< 3 to approximately 616 years) across the landscape. We found that salt marsh functions generally depended more on elevation and/or landscape position than marsh age. Primary production and nutrient cycling (%C and %N soil content) did not vary significantly with marsh age. Accretion and carbon accumulation rates varied predictably with elevation in old marsh but not in new marsh. Instead, trends in soil formation were controlled by the colonization of Phragmites australis, a dominant plant in migrating marsh-forest boundaries along the Atlantic Coast. Vegetation zonation patterns were more clearly defined in old marsh, indicating that habitat types take time to develop. However, these vegetation differences did not translate to consistently different ecological functions. These observations suggest that marsh migration does not lead to permanent differences in ecological functions between new and old marsh, rather ecological functions will converge as new marsh ages.</p

Process Development and Scale-Up of an Hsp90 Inhibitor

A scalable process for the manufacture of a Hsp90 inhibitor was developed and optimized. Key features in the seven-step process include a selective S_NAr reaction followed by an Ullmann-type coupling of indazolone to an aryl halide. This improved process afforded 65% yield over two critical steps compared to 25% following the Medicinal Chemistry route

Age, sex, and clinical characteristics of patients 1 to 16.

<p>Age, sex, and clinical characteristics of patients 1 to 16.</p

Analysis of B-RAF mutant.

<p><b>A.</b> Sequence alignment, results from 454 pyrosequencing of granuloma cells from patients 1–10 and 16. <b>B.</b> ‘Sanger’ sequencing of patient 16 blood; A/G transition at nucleotide 1795. <b>C.</b> Pedigree of patient 16. Both the patient and his mother carry a ^T599AB-RAF allele, while his father is ^wtB-RAF. <b>D–E.</b> Comparison between ^wtB-RAF 5P_15056 (D, purple), ^V600EB-RAF structure (E, cyan) and the modeled mutant ^600DLATB-RAF (F, grey). In D, Val600 (yellow) forms a hydrophobic contact with Phe468 (red arrow). In E and F charged residues Asp and Glu (in orange) disrupt the hydrophobic network of interactions, stabilising the active conformation of the P-loop. In F, insertion Asp-Leu-Ala-Thr shifted Val600 and disrupt the hydrophobic cluster. <b>G, H.</b> MEK phosphorylation in 293 T cells. 293 T cells were transiently transfected with with mock or B-RAF mutant expressing vectors (WT, V600E, T599A, 600DLAT, D594A, G596R), and with (H) or without (G) wtC-RAF. Twenty-four hours after transfection, the medium was changed to serum-free DMEM, followed by further 18 hours culture. Total cell lysates were immunoblotted with the indicated antibodies.</p

Presence and relative abundance of B-RAF mutant clones identified in granuloma and blood from patients with LCH.

<p>Presence and relative abundance of B-RAF mutant clones identified in granuloma and blood from patients with LCH.</p