Appendix D. A table showing longevity, fecundity, and intrinsic rate of increase of Aphis glycines reared on soybean produced under three different agricultural management systems in the Kellogg Biological Station Long Term Ecological Research site, Michigan, USA, during 2003.

A table showing longevity, fecundity, and intrinsic rate of increase of Aphis glycines reared on soybean produced under three different agricultural management systems in the Kellogg Biological Station Long Term Ecological Research site, Michigan, USA, during 2003

Appendix C. A table showing large- and small-size predators and parasitoids for different combinations of agricultural management system and predator manipulation treatments within the large field cages in the aphid population increase experiment at the Kellogg Biological Station Long Term Ecological Research site, Michigan, USA, 2003.

A table showing large- and small-size predators and parasitoids for different combinations of agricultural management system and predator manipulation treatments within the large field cages in the aphid population increase experiment at the Kellogg Biological Station Long Term Ecological Research site, Michigan, USA, 2003

Appendix E. A table showing MANOVA results for the effect of agricultural practices on the five more-abundant Aphis glycines foliar predators at the Kellogg Biological Station Long Term Ecological Research site, Michigan, USA, during 2003.

A table showing MANOVA results for the effect of agricultural practices on the five more-abundant Aphis glycines foliar predators at the Kellogg Biological Station Long Term Ecological Research site, Michigan, USA, during 2003

Appendix B. A table showing ANOVA results for fixed and random effects and slicing tests results of the effect of agricultural management system and predator manipulation treatments on Aphis glycines within large field cages at the Kellogg Biological Station Long Term Ecological Research site, Michigan, USA, 2003.

A table showing ANOVA results for fixed and random effects and slicing tests results of the effect of agricultural management system and predator manipulation treatments on Aphis glycines within large field cages at the Kellogg Biological Station Long Term Ecological Research site, Michigan, USA, 2003

Appendix A. Number and proportion of different land cover types mapped in the landscapes studied.

Number and proportion of different land cover types mapped in the landscapes studied

Top-down and bottom-up effects on aphid population growth rates.

<p>We present means (+1 SE) of <i>A. glycines</i> intrinsic rate of increase (aphids×aphids⁻¹×day⁻¹) for trials 1 (A), 2 (B), and 3 (C)<b>.</b> See <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0056394#pone-0056394-g003" target="_blank">Figure 3</a> for other references.</p

Cages used for the four manipulations of predator access to aphids at the within-plant scale.

<p>Predator treatments (LP = lower predation, UP = upper predation) corresponded to (A) predator exclusion (−LP−UP), (B) lower predation (+LP−UP), (C) upper predation (−LP+UP), and (D) ambient levels of predation (+LP+UP). The small grid pattern represents the mesh covers used to prevent aphid and natural enemy movements.</p

Appendix B. Abundance of natural enemies captured on sticky traps.

Abundance of natural enemies captured on sticky traps

Top-down and bottom-up effects on aphid within-plant distribution.

<p>Top-down controls were manipulated as upper predation (ambient levels = +UP, or exclusion = −UP), and lower predation (ambient levels = +LP, or exclusion = −LP) (see <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0056394#pone-0056394-g001" target="_blank">Figure 1</a> for cage designs); bottom-up controls were manipulated using plants of different age (old = O, grey bars; or young = Y, white bars, plants). We present means (+1 SE) of the proportion of <i>A. glycines</i> on the upper nodes of the plants for trials 1 (A), 2 (B), and 3 (C). Means that do not share letters are significantly different (<i>P</i><0.05, LSMD-TK tests). The dashed line indicates equal proportion at the upper and lower nodes of the plant, and asterisks above and below the line indicate significant departure from equality, testing the alternative hypothesis of different than 0.5 (controls −LP−UP, and +LP+UP), smaller than 0.5 (−LP+UP) or greater than 0.5 (+LP−UP), using <i>t</i>-tests (<i>P</i><0.05). Small graphs (ii – iv) at the right of the main graphs (i) indicate main effects; asterisks indicate significant differences (<i>P</i><0.05, ANOVA main effect tests, see <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0056394#pone-0056394-t001" target="_blank"><b>Table 1</b></a>).</p

Bottom-up effects of within-plant quality on <i>A. glycines</i> population growth rates under predator exclusion.

<p>(A)–(C) present results for trials 1–3, respectively. Old versus young plants were compared in trials 1 and 2, and only old plants were available for trial 3. Upper nodes represent the 3–4 top nodes (∼ 10% of the plant canopy) and lower nodes represent the rest of the plant nodes. All graphs show means (+1 SE) of <i>A. glycines</i> intrinsic rate of increase (aphids×aphid⁻¹×day⁻¹); asterisks indicate significant differences between plant parts within old or young plants (<i>t</i>-test, <i>P</i><0.05).</p