Mean Reversion of Real Exchange Rates and Purchasing Power Parity in Turkey

The important concept of purchasing power parity (PPP) has a number of practical implications. Our central objective is to examine the stationarity of Turkey’s real exchange rates to test for the empirical validity of PPP. Our results from conventional univariate unit root tests fail to support PPP. However, when we use the empirical methodology developed by Caner and Hansen (2001), which allows us to jointly consider non-stationarity and non-linearity, we find evidence of non-linear mean reversion in Turkey’s real exchange rates. This implies that PPP holds in one threshold regime but not in another.Turkey, purchasing power parity, real exchange rate, unit root, non-linearity

Foreign Output Shocks and Monetary Policy Regimes in Small Open Economies: A DSGE Evaluation of East Asia

East Asia’s small open economies were hit in varying degrees by the sharp drop in the output of major industrial countries during the global financial and economic crisis of 2008-2009. This highlights the role of monetary policy regimes in cushioning small open economies from adverse external output shocks. To assess the welfare impact of external shocks on key macroeconomic variables under different monetary policy regimes, we numerically solve and calculate the welfare loss function of a dynamic stochastic general equilibrium (DSGE) model. We find that CPI inflation targeting minimizes welfare losses for import-to-GDP ratios from 0.3 to 0.9. However, welfare under the pegged exchange rate regime is almost equivalent to CPI inflation targeting when the import-to-GDP ratio is one while the Taylor-type rule minimizes welfare when the import-to-GDP ratio is 0.1. We calibrate the model and derive welfare implications for eight East Asian small open economies.Trade channel, Import-to-GDP ratio, small open economies, welfare, exchange rate regimes, inflation targeting, Taylor rule, foreign output shock

Foreign Output Shocks and Monetary Policy Regimes in Small Open Economies: A DSGE Evaluation of East Asia

East Asia’s small open economies were hit in varying degrees by the sharp drop in the output of major industrial countries during the global financial and economic crisis of 2008-2009. This highlights the role of monetary policy regimes in cushioning small open economies from adverse external output shocks. To assess the welfare impact of external shocks on key macroeconomic variables under different monetary policy regimes, we numerically solve and calculate the welfare loss function of a dynamic stochastic general equilibrium (DSGE) model. We find that CPI inflation targeting minimizes welfare losses for import-to-GDP ratios from 0.3 to 0.9. However, welfare under the pegged exchange rate regime is almost equivalent to CPI inflation targeting when the import-to-GDP ratio is one while the Taylor-type rule minimizes welfare when the import-to-GDP ratio is 0.1. We calibrate the model and derive welfare implications for eight East Asian small open economies.

An Empirical Analysis of East Asia's Pre-crisis Daily Exchange Rates

"Joseph Dennis Alba and Donghyun Park write that the exchange rate peg to the United States dollar is widely believed to have been a major cause of the Asian financial crisis of 1997–1998. Rigid exchange rates may have invited massive capital inflows into East Asia by creating a false sense of security among investors. A substantial empirical literature examines the actual behavior of pre-crisis exchange rates in the region. The authors seek to contribute to this literature by using daily data compared to other studies that tend to use monthly data and other lowerfrequency data.

Do Hub-and-Spoke Free Trade Agreements Increase Trade? A Panel Data Analysis

We use panel data consisting of 96 countries and covering the period 1960–2000 to investigate the effects of free trade agreements (FTAs) and hub-and-spoke systems of FTAs on exports. Our empirical results imply an annual growth rate of 5.57% in exports, leading to a doubling of exports after 12.4 years, between FTA partners. Non-overlapping FTAs account for 4.12%, while hub-and-spoke FTAs account for 1.45% of the estimated export growth rate. This indicates that in addition to the direct trade liberalizing effect of FTAs, the hub-and-spoke nature of FTAs has an additional positive effect on trade

Introducción : Los senderos transitables del ELE: aportaciones a la investigación y la evaluación

Los trabajos que componen este número se proponen ofrecer nuevas aportaciones en distintos ámbitos del ELE. Las reflexiones y conclusiones extraídas por los distintos autores abren nuevas líneas de investigación que permitirán profundizar y mejorar diversos aspectos de la enseñanza del español como lengua extranjera. Asimismo, esperamos que las contribuciones que se presentan permitan, tanto a profesores como a evaluadores de las pruebas, analizar su labor profesional con el fin de dar respuesta a las necesidades que presentan los estudiantes extranjeros

Determinants of Different Modes of FDI: Firm-Level Evidence from Japanese FDI into the United States

There are four major modes through which firms undertake foreign direct investment (FDI): merger and acquisition (M&A), joint venture, new plant, and others. The four modes of FDI are distinct from each other, and each has its own unique advantages and disadvantages. While a large and growing empirical literature examines the determinants of FDI, very few studies examine the determinants of the different modes. The central objective of this paper is to empirically analyze the extent to which the determinants of FDI such as firm size influence the choice of one mode of FDI over another. Our analysis follows a stylized two-stage investment process. First, we look at the probability of whether a Japanese firm is willing to undertake FDI in the United States. Second, which is the innovation of this paper and its main original contribution to the FDI literature, we analyze which of the four modes of FDI will be chosen by firms that are willing to undertake FDI

Corporate Governance and Merger and Acquisition Foreign Direct Investment: Firm-level Evidence from Japanese Foreign Direct Investment into the US

Merger and acquisition (M&A) is a mechanism for promoting corporate governance suggesting that an improvement in overall corporate governance may have a negative effect on M&A activity. Since M&A foreign direct investment (FDI) is a cross-border variant of M&A, stronger corporate governance may also reduce M&A FDI. Hence, we use firm-level evidence from Japanese FDI into the United States to investigate the effect of US corporate governance on Japanese M&A FDI. Our results indicate that two landmark corporate governance regulations by the US Securities and Exchange Commission in 1992 contributed significantly to the sharp decline in Japanese M&A FDI in the US during the 1990s. Our evidence lends some support to the notion that corporate governance may affect not only domestic M&A activity but also cross-border M&A activity. Our study also sheds light on the puzzle of why Japanese FDI into the US fell during the 1990s despite the depreciation of the US dollar

Locus of Equity and Brand Extension

Prevailing wisdom assumes that brand equity increases when a brand touts its desirable attributes. We report conditions under which the use of attribute information to promote a product can shift the locus of equity from brand to attribute, thereby reducing the attractiveness of extension products. This effect is moderated by the degree of ambiguity in the learning environment, such that prevailing wisdom is refuted when ambiguity is low but is supported when ambiguity is high