Neoliberal Redistributive Policy: The U.S. Net Social Wage in the 21st Century

In this paper, I examine the trends of fiscal transfers between the state and workers during 1959 - 2012 to understand the net impact of redistributive policy in the United States. This paper presents original net social wage data from and analysis based on the replication and extension of Shaikh and Tonak (2002). The paper investigates the appearance of a post-2001 variation in the net social wage data. The positive net social wage in the 21st century is the result of a combination of factors including the growth of income support, healthcare inflation, neoliberal tax reforms, and macroeconomic instability. Growing economic inequality does not appear to alter the results of the net social wage methodology

R-Squared values for downscaled climate parameter and PRISM data compared to weather station observations.

<p>(Adapted from <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0058450#pone-0058450-g004" target="_blank">Figure 4</a>. <b>Flint and Flint </b><b><i>Ecological Processes</i></b><b> 2012</b> 1∶<b>2</b>).</p

Unique Isobioclimates each located within a 3-dimensional cube of climate space.

<p><b><i>A</i></b> The entire set of 195 isoclimate types representing climate conditions at the end of the 20^th century and two projections of the future, GFDL-A2 and PCM-A2. The size of the semi-transparent circles represents, on a logarithmic scale, the relative area for that unique isobioclimate across the landscape. Each temporal period/climate data source is represented by a different color, red = 2071–2100/GFDL-A2, yellow = 2070/PCM-A2 , and blue = 1971–2000/PRISM. Circles that appear orange are a result of red and yellow circles overlapping and represent isobioclimates that are common to both future projections. <b><i>B</i></b> 115 isobioclimate types of GFDL-A2 climate projections . <b><i>C</i></b> 108 isobioclimate types of PCM-A2 climate projections. <b><i>D</i></b> 83 isobioclimates of the end of 20^th century climate conditions.</p

Areal comparison of three bioclimatic indices during the end of the 20^th century and two projections of end of the 21^st century.

<p><b><i>A</i></b> continentality. <b><i>B</i></b> ombrotype. <b><i>C</i></b> thermotype. Thermotype classes use the abbreviation “med” for Mediterranean.</p

Number of isobioclimates common or unique in the EO21st climatology and two modeled projections of the EO22nd climatology.

<p>Number of isobioclimates common or unique in the EO21st climatology and two modeled projections of the EO22nd climatology.</p

Regression/canonical coefficients for ombrotype (IO_c71), continentality (IC_C71), and thermotype (TMO_C71) under EO21^st climatology for 3 ordination axes.

<p>Regression/canonical coefficients for ombrotype (IO_c71), continentality (IC_C71), and thermotype (TMO_C71) under EO21^st climatology for 3 ordination axes.</p

Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) axes 1 and 2 biplots.

<p>The vegetation is ordinated with three 1971–2000 climate indices, continentality (IC_B71), ombrotype (IC_B71), and thermotype (TMO_B71). The eigenvalue vectors for the indices are superimposed on the CCA-biplot ordination to indicate relative influence of each index on species abundance and distribution. Vegetation codes: alkali desert scrub (AD.SCRB), blue oak-foothill pine (BO.PINE), blue oak woodland (BO.WOOD), coastal scrub (C.SCRB), closed-cone pine-cypress (CCP.CYP), coastal oak woodland (CO.WOOD), chamise-redshank chaparral (CR.CHP), Douglas-fir (D.FIR), desert scrub (D.SCRB), Jeffrey pine (J.PINE), juniper (JUNIPR), Klamath mixed conifer (KM.CON), montane chaparral (M.CHP), montane hardwood (M.WOOD), montane hardwood-conifer (MH.CON), mixed chaparral (MX.CHP), perennial grassland (P.GRSS), ponderosa pine (P.PINE), red fir (R.FIR), redwood (RDWD), sierran mixed conifer (SM.CON), valley oak woodland (VO.WOOD), white fir (W.FIR).</p

The study area seaprated into 4 categories based on the continuity of isobioclimates.

<p><b><i>A</i></b> based on end of the 20^th century climate conditions, areas where isobioclimates dissapear in the future are coded blue, areas where the isobioclimates dissapear only under the GFDL projections (e.g. continue under PCM projection) are hatched to the right, areas where the isobioclimates dissapear only under the PCM projections (e.g. continue under GFDL projection) are hatched to the left, and areas where the isobioclimate continue under both projections are cross hatched. <b><i>B</i></b> novel and extant isobioclimates under the PCM-A2 climate projection. <b><i>C</i></b> novel and extant isobioclimates under the GFDL-A2 climate projection.</p

Thermotype index categories and range of values.

<p>Thermotype index categories and range of values.</p

Topographic shaded relief of study area mapped in an Albers equal area projection.

<p>Topographic shaded relief of study area mapped in an Albers equal area projection.</p