Bos indicus associated alleles in Anatolian cattle breeds support zebu introgression into Near East

Origin and expansion of cattle domestication has always been an important field of research. Two main species of cattle, Bos taurus and Bos indicus have been domesticated separately in the Fertile Crescent and Indus Valley, respectively. Anatolia is accepted as a primary centre of taurine cattle domestication and it is accepted that considerable levels of Bos indicus (zebu) introgression have occurred at this centre. Molecular genetic studies on Anatolian breeds are especially important for obtaining information about cattle domestication, due to the geographic and cultural position of Anatolia. The genetic database of Anatolian cattle breeds has been established only recently and the conclusions of the Previous studies related to this topic need to be brought together. This review summarizes the autosomal data of these breeds acquired in recent years to show the gene flow from zebu cattle. The results of the studies on prolactin (PRL), insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), pituitary-specific transcription factor 1 (PIT-1), growth hormone (GE), growth hormone releasing hormone receptor (GHRH-R), diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase (DGAT1) and prion protein (PRNP) genes showed that Bos indicus associated alleles are present in South Anatolian Red (SAR) and East Anatolian Red (EAR) breeds with different levels. Characteristics like adaptation to climatic conditions, resistance to poor breeding, feeding conditions and parasitic diseases might be inherited from zebu to Anatolian cattle. A better understanding of genetic characteristics of Anatolian cattle breeds will not only contribute to the development of livestock breeding, but it will also contribute to the knowledge about the history of domestication

A determination of growth hormone receptor gene polymorphisms in East Anatolian Red cattle, South Anatolian Red cattle, and Turkish Grey cattle

The objective of this study was to determinate the genotype and allele distributions of growth hormone receptor gene polymorphisms in East Anatolian Red cattle (EAR), South Anatolian Red cattle (SAR), and Turkish Grey (TG) cattle. To this end, 50 EAR, 50 SAR, and 50 TG cattle were used in the study. DNA samples were isolated by using the standard ammonium acetate salt-out method. Target regions were amplified and digested by AluI, AccI, StuI, NsiI, and Fnu4HI restriction enzymes. The + allele frequency of growth hormone receptor (GHR)/AluI polymorphism related with milk traits in TG cattle and the allele frequencies of GHR/AluI polymorphism related with meat traits in EAR and SAR cattle were found to be low. The + allele frequency of GHR/StuI polymorphism affecting milk traits was found to be low in the EAR breed. The -/- genotype of GHR/NsiI polymorphism was also low in all 3 of the breeds. The + allele frequency of GHR/Fnu4HI polymorphism related with meat traits turned out to be low in the SAR and EAR breeds. In conclusion, it can be said that some of the alleles of GHR polymorphisms that are favorable for trait qualities occur less frequently in SA R, EAR, and TG cattle breeds than they do in high-trait European breeds

GOAT AGOUTI GENE POLYMORPHISM AND ITS ASSOCIATION WITH COAT COLOR IN INDIGENOUS TURKISH GOAT BREEDS

WOS: 000313757600001Agouti gene has an important effect on pigment synthesis in mammals. It encodes Agouti signaling protein, which stimulates the phaeomelanin synthesis resulting red, yellow coat color. In this study 120 animals from three indigenous Turkish goat breeds were genotyped for 423 G>T polymorphism in exon 4 of Agouti gene using PCR-RFLP method. Two alleles T and G were observed. GG genotype was absent in all breeds. No clear association could be found between coat color and alleles of 423 G>T polymorphism. The genetic diversity for the site analyzed in the study was found to be very low in all breeds. As a conclusion we may say that caprine Agouti gene and its association with coat phenotype should be studied further using new polymorphisms and in a greater number of breeds

GOAT AGOUTI GENE POLYMORPHISM AND ITS ASSOCIATION WITH COAT COLOR IN INDIGENOUS TURKISH GOAT BREEDS

Agouti gene has an important effect on pigment synthesis in mammals. It encodes Agouti signaling protein, which stimulates the phaeomelanin synthesis resulting red, yellow coat color. In this study 120 animals from three indigenous Turkish goat breeds were genotyped for 423 G>T polymorphism in exon 4 of Agouti gene using PCR-RFLP method. Two alleles T and G were observed. GG genotype was absent in all breeds. No clear association could be found between coat color and alleles of 423 G>T polymorphism. The genetic diversity for the site analyzed in the study was found to be very low in all breeds. As a conclusion we may say that caprine Agouti gene and its association with coat phenotype should be studied further using new polymorphisms and in a greater number of breeds

IGF-1 and IGF-1R gene polymorphisms in East Anatolian Red and South Anatolian Red cattle breeds

The aim of this study was to determine the allele and genotype frequencies of the Insulin like growth factor 1 gene (IGF-1) and Insulin like growth factor 1 receptor gene (IGF-1R) polymorphisms in East Anatolian (EAR) and South Anatolian Red cattle (SAR). Polymorphisms in both genes are claimed to affect economic parameters like body weight and subcutaneous back fat. For the study, blood samples were collected from 50 SAR and 50 EAR cattle. In both breeds, high frequencies of allele B of IGF-1, which was supposed to have positive effect on carcass traits and allele A of IGF-1R, related to milk traits, were observed. Therefore, no relationship of the polymorphisms studied with economic traits was observed, as both breeds have respectively low carcass and milk parameters. However, distribution of allele frequencies of IGF-1 and IGF-1R in SAR and EAR cattle was similar with Zebu cattle that support Bos indicus introgression to Anatolian breeds

Genetic polymorphisms of osteopontin (OPN), prolactin (PRL) and pituitary-specific transcript factor-1 (PIT-1) in South Anatolian and East Anatolian Red cattle

The objective of the present study was to determine the genotype and allele frequencies for osteopontin (OPN), prolactin (PRL) and pituitary-specific transcription factor-1 (PIT-1) that are claimed to be associated with milk production traits in cattle in South Anatolian Red (SAR) and East Anatolian Red (EAR) cattle. In this study, 40 cattle for each of SAR and EAR were used. OPN in intron 4, PRL in exon 3 and PIT-1 in exon 6 were amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and the resulting PCR products were subjected to digestion using BseNI, RsaI and HinfI enzymes, respectively, to determine the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Results showed that frequencies of the OPN allele C, PRL allele B, and PIT-1 allele A which are associated with milk production tarits were found low in SAR and EAR. As a result, SAR and EAR cattle breeds have the lower allel frequencies that influence the milk production traits for three genes than high-yielding European dairy cattle breeds

DETERMINATION OF PRL, PROP1 AND GH GENE POLYMORPHISMS IN INDIGENOUS GOAT BREEDS IN TURKEY

It is predicted that yield characteristics will be affected in the negative direction as a result of future global warming. Genotyping gene regions affecting the yield characteristics of animals today and thereby contributing to minimizing this situation in which producers can be affected in the negative direction. The aim of this study is to determine genotype and allele distribution of PRL, GH and PROP1 genes of the indigenous goat breeds in Turkey. Unrelated 50 Anatolian Black, 50 Kilis and 50 Angora goat breeds are used as the sample of the study. The genotype and allele frequencies of PRL and PROPI were detected by using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism method. The GH polymorphism was determined by direct sequencing. C allele frequency of PROP1 and A allele frequency of the PRL was found to be high in Anatolian Black, Kilis and Angora goat breeds. Only BB genotype was observed in 5' promoter region GH gene. As a result, it can be suggested that these three genes need further investigation on more goat breeds and larger numbers of individuals and also further investigations should be carried out in order to understand the relations between gene and efficiency traits. Based on these, future studies on Anatolian breeds can lead to more definitive results

Determination of BMP-15, BMPR-1B and GDF-9 Gene Mutations of the Indigenous Sheep Breeds in Turkey

The high ovulation rate and fertility are very important production traits in sheep production. The aim of the study was to determine the BMP-15, BMPR-1B and GDF-9 gene mutations which are related with the high ovulation with high ovulation rate in Chios, Kivircik, Awassi and Imrose sheep breeds. Fifty sheep from each breed were provided for this study. Blood samples for all the animals were collected in sterile-2 ml tubes containing EDTA. Genomic DNAs were isolated using a standard salt-out method. Thereafter target sites were amplified with polymerase chain reaction (PCR). FecX(I), FecX(H), FecX(G), FecX(B) mutations in BMP-15 gene, FecB mutation in BMPR-IB gene and FecG(H) mutation in GDF-9 gene were determined by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) method. All individuals were non-carriers for these mutations, except FecXG mutation in BMP-15 gene. The animals analyzed in this study were found to be heterozygous carriers for FecXG mutation. There may be other genes affecting fertility in Anatolian breeds. For the genetically explanation of multiple lambing, especially in Chios sheep, it was concluded that different genes should be investigated in the further studies

DETERMINATION OF PRL, PROP1 AND GH GENE POLYMORPHISMS IN INDIGENOUS GOAT BREEDS IN TURKEY

WOS: 000452689400091It is predicted that yield characteristics will be affected in the negative direction as a result of future global warming. Genotyping gene regions affecting the yield characteristics of animals today and thereby contributing to minimizing this situation in which producers can be affected in the negative direction. The aim of this study is to determine genotype and allele distribution of PRL, GH and PROP1 genes of the indigenous goat breeds in Turkey. Unrelated 50 Anatolian Black, 50 Kilis and 50 Angora goat breeds are used as the sample of the study. The genotype and allele frequencies of PRL and PROPI were detected by using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism method. The GH polymorphism was determined by direct sequencing. C allele frequency of PROP1 and A allele frequency of the PRL was found to be high in Anatolian Black, Kilis and Angora goat breeds. Only BB genotype was observed in 5' promoter region GH gene. As a result, it can be suggested that these three genes need further investigation on more goat breeds and larger numbers of individuals and also further investigations should be carried out in order to understand the relations between gene and efficiency traits. Based on these, future studies on Anatolian breeds can lead to more definitive results.Istanbul University Scientific Research Projects UnitIstanbul University [28122, 56717, 51900]This project was supported by Istanbul University Scientific Research Projects Unit, Project no: 28122, 56717 and 51900

FASN Gene Polymorphism in Indigenous Cattle Breeds of Turkey

The aim of this study was to determine the variants of the thio esterase (TE) beta-ketoacyl reductase (KR) domains of the Fatty Acid Synthase (FASN) gene, in the East Anatolian Red (EAR) and South Anatolian Red (SAR) cattle breeds. It has been suggested that the FASN gene is effective on fatty acid composition of meat in cattle. In this study, the genotype and allele frequencies of g.17924 A>G, g.18440 G>A and g.16024 G>A, g.16039 T>C in TB and KR domains, respectively, were detected by using polymerase chain reaction - restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method. The g.18663 T>C polymorphism of the TB domain was determined by direct sequencing. The GO genotype of the g.17924 A>G polymorphism, which affects unsaturated fatty acid composition positively, has a high frequency in EAR and SAR breeds. The frequencies of the two haplotypes g.16024 G>A and g.16039 T>C in the KR domain were found to be significantly high in both breeds. These haplotypes also have positive effects on unsaturated fatty acid composition. The AA genotype of the g. 18440 G>A polymorphism, which is suggested to be absent in Bos taurus breeds, was detected in SAR and EAR breeds with frequencies close to those in Bos indicus breeds. In conclusion, we suggest that SAR and EAR cattle breeds have an advantage in terms of genotype and haplotype distribution of the polymorphisms in TE and KR domains of the FASN gene. Additionally g.18440 G>A polymorphism might be a potential marker for breed discrimination