Growth response, carcass characteristics and egg laying performance of Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) fed diets containing varying levels of fermented cassava (Manihot esculenta) peel meal

A two phased experimental study was conducted on 300, two-weeks-old Japanese quails to determine the effect of feeding diets containing varying levels of fermented cassava (Manihot esculenta) peel meal on the growth performance, carcass characteristics and egg production of Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica). Japanese quails with mean initial body weight of 26.67 g and of mixed sexes were used. Fermented cassava peel meal (FCPM) was prepared by soaking fresh cassava peels in water (that is twice its weight) for three days. Thereafter, the peels were put in a jute bag and kept for 12 hours under a hydraulic press; sundried for a few days and milled using an attrition mill. During the growing phase, the birds were randomly allotted to four dietary treatmentswith 75 birds per treatment, each replicated three times, with the diets containing FCPMreplacing 0, 25, 50 and 75%maize to form diets T1 , T2 , T3 and T4 respectively. The diets were isonitrogenous, containing 24 % crude protein, and fed to the experimental birds for six weeks. Data were collected on feed intake, growth performance and carcass characteristics. The laying phase involved 120 female quails from the growing phase that were sexed to retain only the females. They were then allotted to four dietary treatments of three replicates per treatment; with 10 birds per replicate. The birds were fed the experimental diets containing FCPM replacing 0, 25, 50 and 75 % maize for eight weeks, and data were collected on egg production and egg quality parameters. Results show significant (p<0.05) differences in daily feed intake and nutrient digestibility among the treatments, while daily weight gain and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were not significantly (p>0.05) different, during the growing phase. For the laying phase, there were no significant (p>0.05) differences in daily feed intake, hen day production (HDP) and all the egg quality traits determined. Therefore, it can be concluded that dietary maize could be replaced with FCPM up to 50 % and 75 % in growing quails without any deleterious effects on growth performance and carcass characteristics respectively; whereas it can replace up to 75 % in the diet of laying Japanese quails without any adverse effect on egg production and egg quality traits

A multi-prime RSA with enhanced bit-stuffing for securing email messages

Electronic mail has become the most widely used communication system worldwide, due to the various benefits attached, like speed, conveniences to transmit messages. Security threats are the constant issues with electronic mail messages which due to the fact that current email protocols SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol), POP (Post Office Protocol) and IMAP (Internet Mail Access Protocol) send and store email messages in plaintext on the email server. Recently, Email security protocol were developed such as Pretty Good Protocol (PGP)and Secure Multi–purpose Internet Mail Extension Protocol (S/MIME) to secure email content end to end, but with several limitations such as expensive certificate management, key management problems which result to low adoptability of these protocols. These security lapses made the email server to be targeted by most attackers, also passwords as authentication techniques are very weak. This paper presents an encryption algorithm for securing email application. The encryption techniques include a well-known RSA algorithm (multiple prime numbers) with enhanced bit insertion techniques with the goals to improve security of lower key length of RSA, computational time of RSA and enhancing email message security

Is there a need for extra-length spinal needles for obstetric spinal anaesthesia in obese parturients? A multi-centre study

Background: Neuraxial blocks are often the preferred anaesthetic techniques in obese mothers for caesarean section because of  increased risk of difficult intubation in them. However, these techniques may be challenging possibly because of poor landmark of spinal space and poor selection of spinal needles in them. Objective: To investigate if there is need for extra-length spinal needles in obese parturients during caesarean section. Design: A prospective observational study Setting: Four University Teaching Hospitals in South-Western Nigeria. Subjects: Parturients scheduled for caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia Results: The mean age, weight, body mass index and skin to subarachnoid space depth (SSD) were 31.49 ± 5.12 years, 75.21 ± 14.14 kg, 27.68 ± 5.45 kg/m2 and 6.08 ± 0.98 cm respectively. Of the 485 parturients, 156 (32.2%) were obese. Majority of the obese patients were greater than 30 years of age when compared with those that were under 30 years and this was statistically significant (p= 0.007). Only one obese parturient needed an extra-length spinal needle for skin to sub-arachnoid space depth (SSD) of 10 cm. There was a more positive linear correlation between depth of spinal needle and weight (0.455) than BMI (0.229) Conclusion: Although about one-third of parturients in our study were obese, only one required an extra-length spinal needle. Extra-length spinal needle is rarely needed in our populatio