104 research outputs found
Assessment of Protective Effect of Turmeric on Aspirin Induced Gastric Injury on Wistar Rats
Turmeric (from Zingiberaceae family) is highly regarded as a universal panacea in the herbal medicine with a wide spectrum of pharmacological activities. Forty eight adult rats (150g-200g body weight) were randomly divided into six (control, treatment, 3 post treatment and recovery) groups of eight rats each. Gastric injury were induced with the administration of different concentration of Aspirin and co treated with different concentration of Turmeric for a period of 14-28 days. It was histologically revealed that Aspirin can induced gastric injury and Turmeric protect gastric layers. There is need for more research work on the protective effect of Turmeric on gastric layers against gastric injury
ESTIMATION OF EMISSION FACTOR FROM THE COMBUSTION OF AGO, PMS AND DPK FROM THE KADUNA REFINERY AND PETROLEUM COMPANY IN NIGERIA
Air emissions from the combustion of AGO, PMS and DPK were characterized for gaseous air pollutants using an E8500 combustion gas analyzer. The measured concentrations were used to calculate the emission factors of the pollutants. The emission factors for the gaseous emission from AGO were for 10 ml of AGO, HC was 4.584E-05 g/l, CO was 1.633E-05 g/l, NOx was 0.00021 g/l, and zero values were recorded for both CO2 and SO2; for 50 ml of AGO, HC was 0.000142 g/l, NOx was 0.001516 g/l and zero values were recorded for both CO, CO2 and SO2. From PMS were for 10 ml of PMS, HC was 6.9846E-05 g/l, CO was 0.00017 g/l, NOx was 0.00034 g/l, and zero values were recorded for both CO2 and SO2; for 50 ml of PMS, HC was 8.731E-05 g/l, CO was 0.000213 g/l, NOx was 0.0008 g/l, SO2 was 3.76E-06 g/l and CO2 was 0.0066 g/l. From DPK were for 10 ml of DPK, HC was 3.4923E-05 g/l, CO was 2.1667E-05 g/l, NOx was 0.000089 g/l, and zero values were recorded for both CO2 and SO2; for 50 ml of DPK, HC was 6.1115E-05 g/l, CO was 4.0667E-05 g/l, NOx was 0.000191 g/l and SO2 was 2.667E-06 g/l. This study shows that For 10 ml, DPK had the minimum emission factor for HC, AGO had the minimum emission factor for CO, DPK had the minimum emission factor for NOx. For 50 ml, AGO had the minimum emission factor for CO, SO2, DPK had the minimum emission factor for HC, NOx. Therefore, AGO and DPK can act as a source of fuel with the best sustainable environmental effects
Ultimate and Elemental Analysis of Some Common Charcoal in Southwestern Nigeria
Common charcoals from different wood species were collected, identified and prepared for analysis. Ultimate and
elemental analyses were carried out. In this study, identified charcoal were characterized. The result showed that in the ultimate
analysis, Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen are the major content of the charcoal samples and are of great importance for the heating
value. Sulphur and Nitrogen content were resent in low in quantity. XRF was used in the elemental analysis and the following
elements were detected (Na, Cr, Ni, Cd, Al, K, Mn, P, Ca, Si, Mg, Ti, Fe) In the charcoal samples, the percentages of Si and Al
are high while the percentages of (Cd, Fe, Na, Ti, Ni, Mg, P, K, Cr) were low. Percentage of silicon was between 50% to 65% in
Albizia zygia, Milicia excelsa, Terminalia avicennioides, Funtumia elastica, Milletia thonningii and Hevea brsiliensis with Hevea
brasiliensis having the highest which suggested high slagging propensity. Anogeissus leiocarpa, Afzelia bipindensis, Vitellia
paradoxum, and Burkea africana have high Na/K. The ratio of Ca/ Mg is greater than 2 in all the samples. LOI ranges from 54.56
– 7.88% with a mean of 25.978±22.909%
Dispersion Modelling of Air Emission from a Rice Milling Plant
The study investigated the air quality impacts of Rice Mill using the ISC-AERMOD View.
Contributions of steam boiler and electric power generators in the mill to ground level concentrations
of criteria air emissions were established.The maximum ground level concentrations of air pollutants
presently emitted by the steam boiler are 1-hour averaging period concentrations of 1.4 – 177.3 µg/m3
with 24-hour level of 0.3 – 43.5 µg/m3
. Simultaneous operations of the steam boiler and electric
power generators give 1-hour averaging period concentrations of 29.7 – 257.8 µg/m3 with 24-hour
levels of 8.8 – 95.8 µg/m3
. The simultaneous operations of the steam boiler and the electric power
generators add about 0.41 – 84.78% of the respective investigated air pollutants limits to the ambient
air quality of the host environment. Occasionally the daily NOX limits from this scenario 2 could
breach the ambient limit whenever all the three electric power generators are simultaneously
operated with the steam boile
Investigation of Air Emissions from Artisanal Petroleum Refineries in the Niger-Delta Nigeria
The increase in price of the available refined petroleum products for local consumption in Nigeria had led to the
emergence of indigenous technology for petroleum refining in some parts of the Niger Delta region. This study,
therefore characterized and quantified artisanal refineries’ gaseous emissions for possible air pollutants based on
various unit operations involved and evaluated their impacts. It measured the emissions directly from source
using E8500 Portable Combustion Analyzer. It also categorized oven sizes/processing capacity of the refineries
into various ranges in order to estimate emissions according to processing capacity. The result revealed that;
pollutants emission varied significantly between the unit operations and increased with increase in processing
capacity. When the emissions were compared with daily limits set by the Environmental Guidelines and Standard
for Petroleum Industry in Nigeria (EGASPIN) 2002, the emissions (CO, NOx, and SO2) breached the available set
limits. While with the Federal Environmental Protection Agency (FEPA), 1991 set limits for emissions from
stationary source; HC and CO breached their limits. SO2 and H2S breached their lower limits but were below the
upper limit, while NOx emissions were found within its set limit. The study concluded that, Nigeria Artisanal
Petroleum Refineries are sources of air pollution, as they impact the host environment
Proximate analysis of some common charcoal in Southwestern Nigeria
analyses were carried out. The study aimed to characterize the identified charcoal and suggest the best charcoal
that will give the minimal pollution effect. The result showed that the moisture content of the charcoal ranges
between 3.26 and 8.40 wt% with an arithmetic mean of 5.36 ±1.50 wt%, the volatile content ranges between
3.05 and 13.62 wt% with an arithmetic mean of 7.20 ±3.55 wt%, the fixed carbon ranges between 76.83 and
90.57 wt% with an arithmetic mean of 83.54 ±4.60 wt%, and the ash content ranges between 3.09 and 5.18 wt%
with an arithmetic mean of 3.87 ±0.70 wt%. The heating value of charcoal of different wood species were
determined using Bomb calorimeter. Afzelia bipindensis has the highest ash content while Hevea brasiliensis has
the lowest ash content. The heating value ranges 31.82–39.42 kJ/kg with a mean of 35.375 ±2.673 kJ/kg. This
shows that Burkea africana could be best for use as a cooking fuel for households and restaurants because it has
the best fuel property in terms of moisture content
GASEOUS EMISSIONS CHARACTERIZATION FROM POTASSIUM NITRATE-BASED ROCKET COMPOSITE PROPELLANT COMBUSTION
This paper reports the gaseous compositions produced from the combustion of a laboratory-synthesized potassium nitrate (KNO3)-based rocket composite propellant. The exhaust emissions produced from the combustion of 10 different propellant formulations were analyzed using an E8500 portable industrial emission analyzer. The concentrations, emission factor, and emission rates of the gaseous pollutants were computed. The measured concentrations were then compared with the stationary source limit by the Federal Ministry of Environment standard (Nigeria) to establish their impact on air quality. The obtained concentrations were as follows: hydrocarbon (HC) ranged from 56 to 290 mg/m3, with an the average concentration of 145.72 ± 20.12 mg/m3; carbon monoxide (CO) ranged from 234 to 2030 mg/m3, with an average concentration of 1177.3 ± 154.2 mg/m3; nitrogen oxides ranged from 19.8 to 53.7 mg/m3, with an average concentration of 33.9 ± 4.18 mg/m3; sulfur dioxide ranged from 8.2 to 156.8 mg/m3, with an average concentration of 25.4 ± 14.67 mg/m3; and hydrogen sulfide ranged from 1 to 6 mg/m3, with an average concentration of 2.44 ± 0.50 mg/m3. The results indicate that HC and CO emissions from the combustion of KNO3-based composite propellant represent a great threat and concern in relation to air quality. Thus, the proper management and control of rocket launches using KNO3-based composite propellants needs to be immediately addressed; otherwise, such emissions could have negative effects on the atmospheric environment of rocket routers
The effect of air-fuel ratio on tailpipe exhaust emission of motorcycles
This article presents the actual AFR of the vehicular emission from the tailpipe data of motorcycles with petrol
engine in Southwest Nigeria. It also presents the ratio between the actual air-fuel ratio (AFRactual) and the ideal/
stoichiometric air-fuel ratio (AFRideal) known as the equivalence air-fuel ratio or lambda (λ). This was compared
with the expected value for lambda by the catalytic technology for exhaust gases emission, which is 1 (± 5%). In
this study, over 95% of the sampled motorcycles have higher lambda values than expected, thereby emitting very
high concentrations of carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbon (HC), and carbon dioxide (CO2). The Portable, Hand-
Held, battery-operated Kane automotive 4-gas analyser with detector tube (Model Auto 4-1) was used to measure
the automobile emissions. The air-fuel ratio is a significant indicator and very important measure for gasoline
engine performance controlling and tuning, and anti vehicles exhaust emissions pollution reasons [1]. Internal
combustion (IC) gasoline fuelled engines exhaust gases emission depend heavily and mainly on the air-fuel ratio.
For a gasoline fuelled engine, carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbons (HC), and nitrogen oxides (NOx) exhaust
gases emission are significantly influenced by air-fuel ratio. CO and HC are majorly generated or produced with
rich air–fuel mixture, while NOx with lean air-fuel mixtures which mean that there is no fixed air-fuel mixture for
which it can obtain the minimum for all exhaust gases emission [2]. This study can help in reducing fuel consumption,
improving the quality of fuel combustion and reducing vehicle exhaust emissions in Nigeria
IMPLICATIONS OF LACK OF MAINTENANCE OF VEHICLES ON AMBIENT AIR QUALITY
This paper reported the results of the investigation of vehicular emissions in
selected roads in Abeokuta, Nigeria. Five roads: Olorunsogo, Alabata, Onibode,
Kobape, and Ibara-Orile roads were considered with eight different vehicle types
(Honda, Mazda, Mercedez Benz, Mitsubishi, Nissan, Peugeot, Toyota, and
Volkswagen) on each road. Vehicles were parked 8.0m away from the main road in
downwind direction. The vehicular exhaust emissions monitored were CO2, O2, CO,
and HC emissions. The total mean concentration of measured CO2 emission from
vehicular exhaust on all the roads, ranged between 389100 ppm for Nissan and
465600 ppm for Mitsubishi; O2 emission ranged between 99000 ppm for Toyota and
192000 ppm for Peugeot, also CO emission ranged between 319400 ppm for Peugeot
and 460800 ppm for Nissan while HC emission ranged between 2360 ppm for Toyota
and 4652 ppm for Volkswagen. It could be noted that the air pollutants are high for
most of the vehicles irrespective of the type and higher than both the European and
Nigerian standards. This implies that vehicles are poorly maintained in Nigeria. This
study therefore concluded that vehicular pollution in Abeokuta is significant with
possible serious health and environmental consequences
In-vehicle and pedestrian exposure to carbon monoxide and volatile organic compounds in a mega city
This study is to determine in-vehicle and pedestrian exposure to carbon monoxide (CO) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in six roadways in Lagos mega city. Measurements were made twice a day for two weeks for four major modes of transportation in the city using the MultiRae ambient gas monitor. The levels of CO measured were 4.40–39.78 ppm while that of VOCs were 0.00–0.39 ppm. Highest average CO and VOCs concentrations were obtained inside car during morning commuting periods. These average concentrations were found to be statistically significant when compared with other three transportation modes studied. The average concentrations of the pollutants in the morning were statistically similar to average concentration in the afternoon as Student's t test indicated no statistical significant difference (p N 0.05). This study revealed that car commuters are exposed to higher concentrations of
CO and VOCs than bus and BRT commuters with pedestrians having the lowest exposure to the pollutants
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