Investigation of the thermodynamical properties of trapped particles

Sıcaklığı 0 K ye yakın olan sistemlerde hacim parametresi kontrol edilemediğinden, bu sistemlerde hacim yerine parçacıkları tuzaklamakta kullanılan ve zamanla periyodik olarak değişen manyetik alanın açısal frekansı termodinamiğin birinci yasasındaki iş terimi için daha uygun bir parametredir. Bu tez çalışmasında, termodinamiğin birinci yasasında hacim yerine açısal frekans kullanıldığında termodinamik hal denklemlerinin nasıl değişeceği incelenecektir.The volume parameter of the systems that are close to 0 K can not be controlled, therefore for these systems, the angular frequency of the time dependent magnetic field to trap the particles is a more suitable parameter for the work term in the first law of thermodynamics. In these thesis, we investigate the change of the thermodynamical equation of states when one uses the frequency instead of the volume in the first law of thermodynamics

The Effect of Preoperative and Intraoperative Clinical Findings on Success of Endoscopic Management of Ureteral Stone

Objective: We investigated the relationship between clinical data of patients who underwent ureterorenoscopy (URS) due to ureteral stone and stone free rates retro­spectively. Methods: Clinical data of 83 patients who underwent URS in our clinic were retrospectively analyzed. Pre­operative and intraoperative clinical parameters were recorded. Success was defined as not to detect > 4mm stone fragments 2 weeks after the operation. Appropriate statistical analysis were done for evaluating relationship between stone free rate and clinical data. Results: Mean age was 50.48±14.41 and male to female ratio was 2. Overall stone free rate was 83.2%. Postop­erative fever, ureteral perforation were detected in 7 and 2 patients, respectively. There were no differences between success and failure groups in terms of age, sex, opera­tion side, stone number, diameter, size, surface area, mean Hounsfield unit, usage of balloon dilatation. How­ever with respect to preoperative grade of hydronephrosis (low grade: 95.2% vs high grade: 69.4%, p=0.006), stone location (distal ureter: 92.9% vs proximal ureter: 72.5%, p=0.014) and operation time (success: 60.0 (45.0-60.0) min. vs failure: 85.0 (60.0-97.5) min. p=0.048) we found statistically significant differences between the study groups. In addition stone free rate was 91.7% with anti-retropulsion device Stone cone, whereas it was 81.4% without any ureteral occlusion (p=0.347). Conclusion: We assume that anti-retropulsion devices or flexible URS should be prefered especially in patients with hydronephrotic proximal ureteral stone for higher stone free rate with lower auxiliary procedure

A Rare Cause of Testicular Metastasis: Upper Tract Urothelial Carcinoma

Metastatic testicular cancers are rare. Primary tumor sources are prostate, lung, and gastrointestinal tract for metastatic testicular cancers. Metastasis of urothelial carcinoma (UC) to the testis is extremely rare. Two-thirds of upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) is of invasive stage at diagnosis and metastatic sites are the pelvic lymph nodes, liver, lung, and bone. We report a rare case of metastatic UTUC to the testis which has not been reported before, except one case in the literature. Testicular metastasis of UC should be considered in patients with hematuria and testicular swelling

Assessing the negative impact of phenyl alkanoic acid derivative, a frequently prescribed drug for the suppression of pain and inflammation, on the differentiation and proliferation of chondrocytes

WOS: 000379205000001PubMed ID: 27363505Background: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are frequently prescribed to relieve pain and inflammation. These NSAIDs have also analgesic effects and can be administered via oral, injectable, and topical routes. During inflammation, a number of synovial mediators and cytokines are released which decrease the pH level of the synovial fluid. Administration of acidic NSAIDs further decreases the pH levels and hence contributes to the destruction of the cartilage. To our knowledge, no cellular-based study regarding the chondrotoxicity of phenyl alkanoic acid derivatives on NSAIDs was conducted before. Thus, the aim of this pioneering study was to examine the effect of frequently prescribed NSAIDs, a phenyl alkanoic acid derivative, flurbiprofen, on the proliferation and differentiation of human primer chondrocyte cultures in vitro. Methods: Primer chondrocyte cultures were prepared from osteochondral tissue obtained during surgery for gonarthrosis. Samples not exposed to the pharmacological agent were used as the control group. The samples were treated with 1, 10, 100, 250, 500, or 1000 mu M of the agent for 24, 48, and 72 h. The cell viability, toxicity, and proliferation were assessed with MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) analysis and prechondrocytic precursor stage-specific embryonic antigen-1 (SSEA-1) expression using a commercial ELISA kit spectrophotometrically. The surface morphology of the samples in each group was compared using an inverted light microscope and an environmental scanning electron microscope (ESEM). An analysis of variance was used to compare between-group differences. Tukey's honest significant difference (HSD) method (95 % confidence interval) was used to evaluate the differences and significance in averages. The alpha significance value was considered < 0.01. Results: Statistically significant cytotoxicity was observed in the treatment groups. NSAID had a significant negative effect on the proliferation and differentiation of chondrocytes as compared to the control group (p < 0.01). Conclusion: Before administering phenyl alkanoic acid derivatives in the clinical setting, their role in suppressing the proliferation and differentiation of chondrocytes should be taken into account. Thus, caution should be given when prescribing these drugs