Isolation and characterisation of three new anthraquinone secondary metabolites from <i>Symplocos</i><i>racemosa</i>

<div><p>Three new anthraquinone secondary metabolites were isolated from <i>Symplocos racemosa</i>, a small tree of family symplocaceae. The structures of compounds (<b>1</b>–<b>3</b>) were elucidated to be 1,4-dihydroxy-6-(ethoxymethyl)-8-propylanthracene-9,10-dione (<b>1</b>), 1,4-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-8-butylanthracene-9,10-dione (<b>2</b>) and 1,4-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-8-propyl anthracene-9,10-dione (<b>3</b>) using their spectral data, i.e. through IR, UV, ¹H NMR, ¹³C NMR and two-dimensional (2D) NMR techniques including heteronuclear multiple quantum coherence, heteronuclear multiple bond correlation and correlation spectroscopy.</p></div

Comparative urease enzyme inhibition profile of leaves and stems of <i>Rumex nervosus</i> vahl

<div><p>Ureases inhibitory agents are becoming important because of their application in treating many aliments. This work describes the urease inhibitory potential of the crude extracts of leaves and stems of <i>Rumex nervosus</i>, which includes crude extracts as well as various sub-fractions, <i>n</i>-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate and methanol. The crude extracts of stems and leaves exhibited promising ureases inhibition (IC₅₀ values of 17.5 ± 0.84 and 29.6 ± 0.96 μg/mL, respectively). Among the sub-fractions, methanol-soluble fractions of leaves and stems showed significant inhibition having IC₅₀ values of 21.9 ± 0.67 and 21.5 ± 0.69 μg/mL, respectively, followed by ethyl acetate fractions of stems and leaves.</p></div

Enantioselective Construction of Tertiary C–O Bond via Allylic Substitution of Vinylethylene Carbonates with Water and Alcohols

An efficient method for the enantioselective construction of tertiary C–O bond via asymmetric allylic substitution of racemic vinylethylene carbonates with water and alcohols has been developed. Under the cooperative catalysis system of an in situ generated chiral palladium complex and boron reagent in mild conditions, the process allowed rapid access to valuable tertiary alcohols and ethers in high yields with complete regioselectivities and high enantioselectivities. This protocol represented the first example of direct enantioselective formation of a tertiary C–O bond with water as an oxygen donor. The synthetic utilities of the process have been demonstrated by the elaboration of the products into key intermediates of biologically relevant agents, and chiral tertiary cyclic ethers could also be provided through the sequential reactions of the allylic etherification and ring-closing metathesis

Antioxidant, antimicrobial and urease inhibiting activities of methanolic extracts from <i>Cyphostemma digitatum</i> stem and roots

<div><p><i>Cyphostemma digitatum</i> stem and roots extracts were investigated for antioxidant, antimicrobial, urease inhibition potential and phytochemical analysis. Phytochemical screening of the roots and stem extract revealed the presence of secondary metabolites including flavonoids, alkaloids, coumarins, saponins, terpenoids, tannins, carbohydrates/reducing sugars and phenolic compounds. The methanolic extracts of the roots displayed highest antioxidant activity (93.518%) against DPPH while the crude methanolic extract of the stem showed highest antioxidant activity (66.163%) at 100 μg/mL concentration. The methanolic extracts of both stem and roots were moderately active or even found to be less active against the selected bacterial and fungal strains (Tables S2 and S3). The roots extract (methanol) showed significant urease enzyme inhibition activity (IC₅₀ = 41.2 ± 0.66; 0.2 mg/mL) while the stem extract was found moderately active (IC₅₀ = 401.1 ± 0.58; 0.2 mg/mL) against thiourea (IC₅₀ = 21.011; 0.2 mg/mL).</p></div

Pd-Catalyzed Asymmetric Decarboxylative Cycloaddition of Vinylethylene Carbonates with Imines

An efficient method for the enantioselective synthesis of β-tertiary β-amino alcohol derivatives through Pd-catalyzed decarboxylative cycloaddition of vinylethylene carbonates with imines was developed. By using a palladium complex generated in situ from [Pd₂(dba)₃]·CHCl₃ and phosphoramidite <b>L2</b> as a catalyst under mild reaction conditions, the process provided 4-substituted-4-vinyloxazolidines in good to high yields with high levels of enantio- and diastereoselectivities

Clinical, spirometric, serological differences and outcomes in patients with allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) based on the classification by Kumar et al with and without the presence high attenuation mucus (HAM).

<p>Values are expressed as mean (SD) or median (IQR) unless otherwise stated; ABPA-S - serologic ABPA; ABPA-CB - ABPA with central bronchiectasis; ABPA-CB-ORF - ABPA with CB and other radiologic findings;</p>a<p>ABPA-CB-ORF value significant compared to ABPA-s;</p>b<p>ABPA-CB-ORF value significant compared to ABPA-CB;</p>c<p>ABPA-CB value significant compared to ABPA-s;</p>d<p>ABPA-CB value significant compared to ABPA-CB-ORF;</p><p>The <i>A fumigatus</i> specific IgE levels and eosinophil counts, but not the total IgE levels are different between the groups (columns 1 to 3). On post hoc analysis, the <i>A fumigatus</i> specific IgE levels are higher in ABPA-CB (column 2) compared to ABPA-S (column 1) and the eosinophil counts are higher in ABPA-CB (column 2) in comparison to the other two groups (columns 1 and 3). Once HAM is excluded (columns 5 and 6), only the eosinophil counts remain significant in ABPA-CB (column 5) compared to ABPA-S (column 1) and ABPA-CB-ORF (column 6).</p

Presence of central bronchiectasis in two different patients with allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis.

<p>The presence of classic signet ring appearance of dilated bronchi is easily appreciable (arrows). The bronchiectasis is located predominantly in the inner half of the lung fields.</p

Clinical, spirometric, serological differences and outcomes in patients with allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) based on the proposed staging on the basis of high attenuation mucus (HAM) with and without the presence of other radiologic findings (ORF).

<p>Values are expressed as mean (SD) or median (IQR) unless otherwise stated; ABPA-S - serologic ABPA; ABPA-CB - ABPA with central bronchiectasis;</p>a<p>ABPA-CB-HAM value significant compared to ABPA-s;</p>b<p>ABPA-CB-HAM value significant compared to ABPA-CB;</p>c<p>ABPA-CB value significant compared to ABPA-s;</p>d<p>ABPA-CB value significant compared to ABPA-HAM.</p

Other radiological features (ORF) that are encountered in patients with allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis:

<p>(A) parenchymal fibrosis involving the right lower lobe; (B) parenchymal and pleural fibrosis; (C) aspergilloma within a bronchiectatic cavity; (D) large cavity with air fluid level; (E) multiple bulla with central bronchiectasis; (F) left sided pneumothorax- numerous bronchiectatic cavities can be appreciated in the collapsed lung.</p

High-resolution computed tomographic images of patients with allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis demonstrating the presence of high-attenuation mucus.

<p>(A) Mediastinal window showing the presence of hyperattenuated mucus within dilated bronchi. The mucus is denser than the paraspinal skeletal muscle (asterisk) (B) Lung window shows that hyperdense mucus can occasionally be appreciated even with the parenchymal sections (circle); (C) CT Hounsfield values of mucus in dilated bronchi: mucus in the left lung is hyperdense with higher CT attenuation values compared to mucoid impaction in the right lung; (d) Hyperattenuated (bold arrow) and normal attenuation mucus (thin arrow) in the same mediastinal window.</p