Tryptophan Predicts the Risk for Future Type 2 Diabetes

<div><p>Recently, 5 amino acids were identified and verified as important metabolites highly associated with type 2 diabetes (T2D) development. This report aims to assess the association of tryptophan with the development of T2D and to evaluate its performance with existing amino acid markers. A total of 213 participants selected from a ten-year longitudinal Shanghai Diabetes Study (SHDS) were examined in two ways: 1) 51 subjects who developed diabetes and 162 individuals who remained metabolically healthy in 10 years; 2) the same 51 future diabetes and 23 strictly matched ones selected from the 162 healthy individuals. Baseline fasting serum tryptophan concentrations were quantitatively measured using ultra-performance liquid chromatography triple quadruple mass spectrometry. First, serum tryptophan level was found significantly higher in future T2D and was positively and independently associated with diabetes onset risk. Patients with higher tryptophan level tended to present higher degree of insulin resistance and secretion, triglyceride and blood pressure. Second, the prediction potential of tryptophan is non-inferior to the 5 existing amino acids. The predictive performance of the combined score improved after taking tryptophan into account. Our findings unveiled the potential of tryptophan as a new marker associated with diabetes risk in Chinese populations. The addition of tryptophan provided complementary value to the existing amino acid predictors.</p></div

ROCs of 5AAs-combined score and 6-AAs combined score in discriminating a) T2D and matched NGT (n = 74); and b) T2D and NGT (n = 213).

<p>ROCs of 5AAs-combined score and 6-AAs combined score in discriminating a) T2D and matched NGT (n = 74); and b) T2D and NGT (n = 213).</p

Additional file 16: Table S10. of Bile acid is a significant host factor shaping the gut microbiome of diet-induced obese mice

Feed ingredients. (XLSX 10 kb

Serum Metabolic Signatures of Fulminant Type 1 Diabetes

Fulminant type 1 diabetes (FT1DM) is a relatively new clinical entity featured by acute destruction of pancreatic beta cells. Clinical consequences of FT1DM could be fatal when timely medications are not provided, suggesting the particular importance of rapid and accurate diagnosis. Here we report a serum metabonomics study of FT1DM patients, together with healthy control subjects (NC), type 2 diabetes (T2DM), classic type 1 diabetes (T1DM), and diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) patients, with the aim of discovering metabolic markers associated with FT1DM. A total of 79 subjects were enrolled (22 NC, 22 T1DM, 22 T2DM, 8 DKA and 5 FT1DM) and the serum metabolic profiling of fasting blood samples was performed using gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC-TOFMS) coupled with multivariate and univariate statistical analyses. Serum metabolites differentially expressed in FT1DM relative to NC, or to T2DM, T1DM and DKA were identified. Three metabolite markers, 5-oxoproline, glutamate, and homocysteine, were significantly altered among FT1DM, T2DM, T1DM, and DKA. In addition, the three metabolite markers, 5-oxoproline, glutamate, and homocysteine, presented similar patterns of distribution across groups. The results showed that the metabolic signatures of FT1DM identified in this study could be of potential clinical significance for the accurate diagnosis of FT1DM

Baseline clinical characteristics and tryptophan levels in individuals who developed diabetes (T2D, n = 51) and remained metabolically healthy (NGT, n = 162) in 10 years, and in matched future metabolically healthy (matched NGT, n = 23) individuals.

<p>Baseline clinical characteristics and tryptophan levels in individuals who developed diabetes (T2D, n = 51) and remained metabolically healthy (NGT, n = 162) in 10 years, and in matched future metabolically healthy (matched NGT, n = 23) individuals.</p

The Metabolic Responses to Aerial Diffusion of Essential Oils

<div><p>Anxiety disorders are the most prevalent psychiatric disorders and affect a great number of people worldwide. Essential oils, take effects through inhalation or topical application, are believed to enhance physical, emotional, and spiritual well-being. Although clinical studies suggest that the use of essential oils may have therapeutic potential, evidence for the efficacy of essential oils in treating medical conditions remains poor, with a particular lack of studies employing rigorous analytical methods that capture its identifiable impact on human biology. Here, we report a comprehensive gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC-TOFMS) based metabonomics study that reveals the aromas-induced metabolic changes and the anxiolytic effect of aromas in elevated plus maze (EPM) induced anxiety model rats. The significant alteration of metabolites in the EPM group was attenuated by aromas treatment, concurrent with the behavioral improvement with significantly increased open arms time and open arms entries. Brain tissue and urinary metabonomic analysis identified a number of altered metabolites in response to aromas intervention. These metabolic changes included the increased carbohydrates and lowered levels of neurotransmitters (tryptophan, serine, glycine, aspartate, tyrosine, cysteine, phenylalanine, hypotaurine, histidine, and asparagine), amino acids, and fatty acids in the brain. Elevated aspartate, carbohydrates (sucrose, maltose, fructose, and glucose), nucleosides and organic acids such as lactate and pyruvate were also observed in the urine. The EPM induced metabolic differences observed in urine or brain tissue was significantly reduced after 10 days of aroma inhalation, as noted with the loss of statistical significance on many of the metabolites in the aroma-EPM group. This study demonstrates, for the first time, that the metabonomics approach can capture the subtle metabolic changes resulting from exposure to essential oils and provide the basis for pinpointing affected pathways in anxiety-related behavior, which will lead to an improved mechanistic understanding of anxiolytic effect of essential oils.</p> </div

a) Baseline tryptophan levels (mean with S.E.) in future NGT (n = 162), matched future NGT (n = 23), and future T2D (n = 51) groups. b) Association of tryptophan with metabolic markers in all participants (n = 213).

<p><b>Abbreviations:</b> BMI = body mass index; Glucose0 = fasting plasma glucose; Glucose120 = 2 h plasma glucose; INS0 = fasting insulin; INS120 = 2 h insulin; HDL = high-density lipoprotein; LDL = low-density lipoprotein; SP = systolic blood pressure; DP = diastolic blood pressure; TC = total cholesterol; TG = total triglycerides; HOMA-IR = homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (FPG*INS0/22.5); Matsuda index = 10000/(Glucose0×INS0×Glucose120×INS120)^0.5; HOMA-Beta = homeostatic model assessment of beta-cell function (20*INS0/(Glucose0-3.5); First-phase secretion = 2032+4.681*INS0-135*Glucose120+0.995*INS120+27.99*BMI-269.1*Glucose0; Second-phase secretion = 277+0.8*INS0-42.79*Glucose120+0.321*INS120+5.338*BMI.</p

Metabolic Fate of Tea Polyphenols in Humans

Polyphenols, a ubiquitous group of secondary plant metabolites sharing at least one aromatic ring structure with one or more hydroxyl groups, represent a large group of natural antioxidants abundant in fruits, vegetables, and beverages, such as grape juice, wine, and tea, and are widely considered to contribute to health benefits in humans. However, little is yet known concerning their bioactive forms <i>in vivo</i> and the mechanisms by which they may alter our metabolome, which ultimately contribute toward disease prevention. Here we report a study to determine the metabolic fate of polyphenolic components in a Chinese tea (Pu-erh) in human subjects using a metabonomic profiling approach coupled with multivariate and univariate statistical analysis. Urine samples were collected at 0 h, 1 h, 3 h, 6 h, 9 h, 12 h, and 24 h within the first 24 h and once a day during a 6 week period including a 2 week baseline phase, a 2 week daily Pu-erh tea ingestion phase, and a 2 week “wash-out” phase, and they were analyzed by gas chromatography mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography mass spectrometry. The dynamic concentration profile of bioavailable plant molecules (due to <i>in vivo</i> absorption and the hepatic and gut bacterial metabolism) and the human metabolic response profile were measured and correlated with each other. This study demonstrates that the metabonomic strategy will enable us to integrate the overwhelming amount of metabolic end points as a systems' response to the absorption, metabolism, and disposition of a multicomponent botanical intervention system, leading to a direct elucidation of their mechanisms of action

Additional file 12: Table S8. of Bile acid is a significant host factor shaping the gut microbiome of diet-induced obese mice

Time dependent alteration of bile acids and microbes in control and HFD groups. (XLSX 33 kb

Open arm activity in the elevated plus maze (EPM) displayed by female Wistar rats with and without aromas exposure.

<p>Data are expressed as mean (±SEM) of the percentage of open arm entries made and percentage of time spent in the open arm by rats (n = 10). Asterisks denote a significant main effect of treatment, **<i>P</i><0.01.</p