Antinociceptive evaluation of conventional anticonvulsant with conventional analgesics on pain model of albino rats and mice

Background: Pain is one of the most common presentations of any disorder and needs immediate and appropriate attention of the treating physician. As pain syndrome involves a variety of etiopathogenesis and temporal domains, management of pain as such requires consideration of many factors that may dictate appropriate therapeutic management. Carabmazepine is an established drug for trigeminal neuralgia while Gabapentin has been tried in postoperative pain but its effectiveness per se and when compared to conventional analgesics needs to be evaluated.Methods: The present study was planned to study the analgesic effects of Gabapentin in various pain models like writhing and formalin test and to compare it with conventional analgesics like Diclofenac sodium and Tramadol in various acute pain models.Results: This study has been carried out in department of Pharmacology, HIMS, Dehradun, for evaluation of Gabapentin for its antinociceptive effect in rats and mice. In the writhing test, a reduction in number of writhes, though insignificant, was found in the Gabapentin pre-treatment group. However, in the first phase of Formalin test which is characterized by licking and biting, Gabapentin produced no significant effect in comparison to control values. In the second phase of leg raising (LR), all three drugs, i.e. Gabapentin and the two positive controls i.e. diclofenac and tramadol produced significant decrease (p< 0.05) in episodes when compared to the control group.Conclusions: Hence the result conclude that Gabapentin could be an effective analgesic drug in visceral and chronic pain in humans but not in acute pain as first phase of formalin test is model of acute and second phase denote chronic pain while writhing test is a model of visceral pain

Comparative evaluation of phasic and chemical antinociceptive action of a conventional and a novel anticonvulsants in experimental models of tail flick and formalin test

Background: Some antiepileptic drugs have been shown to be clinically efficacious in treatment of neuropathic pain and are being used by clinician.Methods: This study determined the analgesic effect of gabapentin (a conventional anticonvulsant) and levitiracetam (a novel anticonvulsant) in rats in different types of acute and chronic nociceptive test like tail flick and formalin test and compared its potency with a conventional non opioid analgesic diclofenac.Results: Per oral administration of gabapentin produced no any marked effect on early phase response of formalin test but significantly suppressed the late phase response while levitiracetam produced no any type of significant effect in both phases. In tail flick test gabapentin as well as levitiracetam produced no any significant analgesic effect while diclofenac produced significant reduction of pain in tail flick test as well as in both phases of formalin test.Conclusions: Thus, we have observed that gabapentin produced antinociception in chronic pain as second phase of formalin test reflects chronic inflammatory pain while levitiracetam did not produce any type of antinociceptive effect as it could not suppress the pain significantly in both tail flick and formalin test.

Antinociceptive evaluation of anticonvulsant gabapentin with a conventional nonopioid analgesic in phasic and tonic animal model of acute and chronic pain

Background: Some antiepileptic drugs have been shown to be clinically efficacious in treatment of neuropathic pain and are being used by clinician.Methods: This study determined the analgesic effect of gabapentin in rats in biphasic animal pain model of acute and chronic inflammatory pain and compared its potency with a conventional nonopioid analgesic diclofenac.Results: Per oral administration of gabapentin produced no any marked effect on early phase response of formalin test, but significantly suppressed the late phase response, while diclofenac produced significant anti-nociceptive effect in both phases of formalin test.Conclusion: Thus, we have observed that gabapentin produced antinociception in second phase of formalin test, which reflects chronic inflammatory pain

Prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in Indian women

Background: Vitamin D is the widespread nutritional deficiency in India yet it has been widely undiagnosed and untreated. Nowadays its deficiency has become the widely investigational topic as the role of vitamin D deficiency has been identified in various disorders.Methods: In order to study the prevalence of vitamin d in our study (level &lt;20 ng/ml) the 1052 women attending the clinic are taken into the consideration and the levels of vitamin d are done in them irrespective of the symptom.Results: In our study the 1052 women attending the clinic were taken and it was found that the prevalence of vitamin D level &lt;20 ng/ml was 64.06% and the level of vitamin D &lt;30 ng/ml was 98.75% and it was higher in younger (65.51%), illiterate (89.92%), housewife women (70%) and its prevalence was higher in women residing in rural areas (69.94%) and also having an income &lt;10,000 (61.96%).Conclusions: Thus it was concluded the cut off level for the vitamin D deficiency level should be revised in according to the need of the people of India as the high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in our study could be the result of our being over concerned and the internationally set up criteria for its deficiency and also ICMR should also revise the recommend daily allowance to include daily recommendation of vitamin D level

A comparative study of efficacy of gabapentin in inflammation induced neuropathic animal pain models with conventional analgesic diclofenac

Background: Some antiepileptic drugs have been shown to be clinically efficacious in treatment of neuropathic pain and are being used by clinicians. This study is proposed to evaluate the efficacy of these drugs as compared to conventional analgesics.Methods: Formalin  test  has  been  used  as  the  model  of  acute and chronic  inflammatory  pain.  Formalin  has  been  characterized  by  the  occurrence  of  two  characteristic  phases  of  increased  pain  sensitivity  in  rats. The  test  drugs  have  been  administered  orally  and  scored  according  to  a  pain  scale.  Pain  has  been  quantified  by  counting  the  incidence  of  spontaneous  flinches,  shakes  and  jerks  of  the  formalin  injected  paw.  Analgesic  response  or  protection  has been  indicated  if  both  paws  are  resting  on  floor  with  no  obvious  favouring  of  injected  paw. Treatment  group  was  compared  with  appropriate  control  groups  using “student  t  test”.Results: Per oral administration of  gabapentin  produced  no  any  marked  effect  on  early phase  response  of  formalin  test  but  significantly  suppressed  the  late  phase  response  while  diclofenac  produced  significant  antinociceptive  effect  in  both  phases  of  formalin  test.Conclusions: Thus  we  have  observed  that  gabapentin   produced  antinociception  in  second  phase  of  formalin  test  which  reflects  chronic  inflammatory  pain

Isolated orbital myocysticercosis in a Muslim boy

Orbital cysticercosis is secondary to an infestation by Cysticercus cellulosae, the larval form of Taenia solium. We report a case of isolated orbital myocysticersosis in a four year old non pork eater boy who presented with sign and symptoms suggestive of mass lesion in superior orbit. He was managed with medical line of treatment and showed complete resolution of his symptoms. It becomes important to report this case because of unusual site of the cyst, young age of the patient and to highlight the importance of proper sanitary measures in preventing this disease

Avascular necrosis of humeral head in an elderly patient with tuberculosis: a case report

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Introduction</p> <p>Osteonecrosis (avascular necrosis) is known to be caused by high-dose corticosteroid therapy, alcoholism and rarely by infections. However, a tubercular etiology of this condition is very rare. A review of the literature yielded only a few cases of polyarticular tuberculosis with osteonecrosis in immunosuppressed individuals. No case of monoarticular tubercular osteonecrosis diagnosed by aspiration cytology was found. Since tuberculosis is a curable disease, an early and accurate diagnosis is essential.</p> <p>Case presentation</p> <p>A 60-year-old Indian man presented with diffuse swelling and pain in the left shoulder for the previous 6 months. A computed tomography scan of the left shoulder revealed crescentic lucency in the humeral head, suggestive of osteonecrosis. Fine needle aspiration cytology smears from the swelling showed features of an acute suppurative lesion. Stain for acid-fast bacillus was positive and thus, a final clinico-pathological diagnosis of osteonecrosis of humeral head with tubercular etiology was rendered. The patient was initiated on anti-tuberculous therapy with symptomatic improvement in his condition.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Osteonecrosis, a debilitating disease, may rarely occur due to tuberculosis, especially in endemic areas. Fine needle aspiration cytology is an effective and inexpensive modality for an early diagnosis of the tubercular etiology of osteonecrosis.</p

Unlocking the potential of loyalty programs in reference to customer experience with digital wallets

The emergence of digital technology has fundamentally transformed how businesses generate value for their customers. One of the critical components of this paradigm shift in digital transformation is improving customer experience, which benefits both consumers and organizations. This study aims to evaluate customer experience and its influence on customer satisfaction and loyalty in the digital wallet domain. It also analyzes the moderating role of loyalty programs. This study was conducted in the Indian context since, alongside advancements in technology and a focus on digitalization, there has been a substantial increase in the acceptance of cashless payment options. The data from 349 respondents using the snowball sampling technique were collected through Google Forms, and SmartPLS 4.0 was used for analysis.The results showed that loyalty and satisfaction are significantly influenced in the digital wallet domain if organizations work on factors affecting customer experience. The results also proved that loyalty programs moderate the relationship between customer experience and customer satisfaction.This analysis successfully unlocked the potential of loyalty programs and established that loyalty programs do not moderate customer loyalty. However, organizations must note that poorly designed loyalty programs are just like any other sale promotion scheme, which adds up to the promotional expense without achieving the overall long-term objective of sustaining loyal consumers

COMPARISON OF ANALGESIC EFFICACY OF ANTIEPILEPTIC GABAPENTIN WITH CONVENTIONAL ANALGESIC DICLOFENAC IN RAT EXPERIMENTAL MODELS

Some  Antiepileptic  drugs  have  been  shown  to  be  clinically  efficacious   in  treatment  of neuropathic  pain  and  are  being  used  by  clinician.  This  study  determined  the  analgesic  effect  of gabapentin  (A  novel  Anticonvulsant)  in  rats  in  different  types  of  acute  and  chronic  nociceptive test  like  Tail flick  and Formalin test   &amp;  compared  its  potency  with  a conventional  non  opioid  analgesic  diclofenac.  Per oral administration of  gabapentin  produced  no  any  marked  effect  on  early phase  response  of  formalin  test  but  significantly  suppressed  the  late  phase  response.  In   tail  flick  test  gabapentin  produced  no  any  significant  analgesic  effect  while  diclofenac  produced   significant  reduction  of  pain  in tail  flick  test  as  well  as  in  both  phases  of  formalin  test.  Thus  we  have  observed  that  gabapentin   produced  antinociception  in  chronic  pain  as  second  phase  of  formalin  test  reflects  chronic  inflammatory  pain  while  diclofenac  produced  both  acute  and  chronic  type  of  antinociceptive  effect  as  it  significantly  suppressed  the  pain  in  both  tail  flick  and  formalin  test. Key Words: Gabapentin , diclofenac, nociception, formalin test, tailflick tes