Spleen lymphocytes counts (10⁶ cells/mice).

<p>WNC: Well-nourished control, MNC: malnourished control.</p>a,b<p>Mean values within a line with unlike superscript letters were significantly different (p<0.05).</p

BM lymphocytes and B cell counts (10⁶cells/femur).

<p>BCD: balanced conventional diet, BCD+Lr: BCD with supplemental <i>Lactobacillus rhamnosus</i>, BCD+FGM: BCD with supplemental fermented goat milk, WNC: well-nourished control, MNC: malnourished control.</p><p>The percentage of lymphocytes obtained from the FSC vs SSC analysis and B220+ cells obtained from B220 histograms were expressed in absolute numbers.</p>a,b,c,d<p>Mean values within a column with unlike superscript letters were significantly different (p<0.05).</p

BM cell counts (10⁶ cell/femur).

<p>BCD: balanced conventional diet, BCD+Lr: BCD with supplemental <i>Lactobacillus rhamnosus</i>, BCD+FGM: BCD with supplemental fermented goat milk, WNC: well-nourished control mice, MNC: malnourished control mice.</p><p>Mean SD (n = 6 mice/group) are shown.</p>a,b,c<p>Mean values within a line with unlike superscript letters were significantly different (p<0.05).</p

Histological examination of BM architecture from mice well-nourished control (WNC) mice, malnourished control (MNC) mice, and malnourished mice replete for 7 days with a balanced conventional diet (BCD) with supplemental <i>Lactobacillus rhamnosus</i> (BCD+Lr) or fermented goat milk (BCD+FGM).

<p>The femur was removed; the BM fixed in paraformaldehyde, decalcified in formic acid and sodium citrate, and stained with (A) Hematoxylin and eosin, (B) Alcian Blue or (C) Periodic Acid Schiff. Light micrographs, original magnification ×400.</p

BM cells from malnourished mice replete for 7 days with a balanced conventional diet (BCD) with supplemental <i>Lactobacillus rhamnosus</i> (BCD+Lr) or fermented goat milk (BCD+FGM) were stained with fluorochrome labeled anti-mouse CD3 and anti-mouse CD4 antibodies and analyzed by flow cytometry.

<p>Well-nourished control (WNC) and malnourished control (MNC) mice were used as controls. A. Number of CD3⁺CD4⁺ cells. B. Number of CD3⁺CD4⁻ cells is reported. ^a,bMean values within a column with unlike superscript letters were significantly different (p<0.05). C. Representative plots of CD3 vs CD4 expression, gated on lymphocytes, are depicted. Results are representative of two independent experiments, n = 6 samples per group.</p

Spleen cells from well-nourished control (WNC) (black bars) and malnourished control (MNC) (grey bars) mice were cultured with medium, LPS or CpG.

<p>Total concentration of IgM (A) or IgG (B) in culture supernatants was determined by ELISA. ^a,b Means in a bar with different letters (a>b) were significantly different (p<0.01).</p

A. Spleens photography obtained from well-nourished (WNC) and malnourished (MNC) mice.

<p>B. Total spleen cell number from WNC and MNC mice. The weight of the spleens of WNC and MNC was 178±5 mg and 84±6 mg respectively.</p

BM cells from malnourished mice replete for 7 days with a balanced conventional diet (BCD) with supplemental <i>Lactobacillus rhamnosus</i> (BCD+Lr) or fermented goat milk (BCD+FGM) were stained with fluorochrome labeled anti-mouse B220 and anti-mouse IgM antibodies and analyzed by flow cytometry.

<p>Well-nourished control (WNC) and malnourished control (MNC) mice were used as controls. A. Number of B220^intIgM⁻ cells. B. Number of B220^intIgM⁺ cells. C. Number of B220^highIgM⁺ cells is reported. ^a,b,cMean values within a column with unlike superscript letters were significantly different (p<0.05). D. Representative plots of B220 vs IgM expression, gated on lymphocytes, are depicted. Results are representative of two independent experiments, n = 6 samples per group.</p

Reduced neutrophil chemoattractant production and neutrophil recruitment in the spleen and liver of <i>T. cruzi</i> infected IL-17RA KO mice.

<p>A) Cell numbers in spleen, lymph nodes and liver of WT and IL-17RA KO mice determined at different times after <i>T. cruzi</i> infection. Data are shown as mean ± SD, n = 5 mice per group. P values calculated using two-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni's posttest. B) Percentage of CD11b+ Gr-1+ neutrophils in spleen and liver of 20-day <i>T. cruzi</i> infected WT and IL-17RA KO mice. Plots are representative one out of five mice. C) Absolute numbers of CD11b+ Gr-1+ neutrophils in spleen (left) and liver (right) of 20-day <i>T. cruzi</i> infected WT and IL-17RA KO mice. Each symbol represents a different mouse and horizontal line indicates the mean. P values calculated with two-tailed T test. D) Concentration of CXCL1, CXCL2 and CXCL10 in spleen and liver homogenates obtained from WT and IL-17RA KO mice at different times post <i>T. cruzi</i> infection. Data are shown as mean ± SD of biological triplicates, normalized to total protein concentration, n = 5 mice per group. P values calculated with two-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni's posttest. (* p: spleen WT vs spleen KO; # p: liver WT vs liver KO). E) Absolute number or frequency of transferred WT and IL-17RA KO neutrophils detected in bone marrow, blood, spleen and liver of non-infected (NI) and infected (I) WT and IL-17RA KO mice 3 h after i.v. injection. Data are shown as mean ± SD, n = 5 per group. P values calculated with two-tailed T test. Data in A–C and D–E are representative of four and two independent experiments, respectively.</p

IL-10-dependent modulation of IFN-γ production by adoptively transferred neutrophils during <i>T. cruzi</i> infection.

<p>A) Parasitemia determined at day 20 post-infection in infected WT and IL-17RA KO mice adoptively transferred with WT neutrophils. Data are shown as mean ± SD, n = 6 per group. P values calculated with two-tailed T test. B) Concentration of IFN-γ in plasma of 20-day <i>T. cruzi</i> infected WT and IL-17R KO mice adoptively transferred with WT neutrophils. Data are shown as mean ± SD, n = 6 per group. P values calculated with two-tailed T test. C) Survival of <i>T. cruzi</i> infected WT and IL-17R KO mice adoptively transferred with WT neutrophils. P value calculated with a Gehan-Breslow-Wilcoxon test, n = 12 per group. D) Parasitemia determined at day 20 postinfection in infected WT mice adoptively transferred with WT and IL-10 KO neutrophils. Data are shown as mean ± SD, n = 12 per group. P values calculated with two-tailed T test. E) Concentration of IFN-γ in plasma of 20-day <i>T. cruzi</i> infected WT mice adoptively transferred with WT and IL-10 KO neutrophils. Data are shown as mean ± SD, n = 12 per group. P values calculated with two-tailed T test. F) Survival of <i>T. cruzi</i> infected WT mice adoptively transferred with WT and IL-10 KO neutrophils. P value calculated with a Gehan-Breslow-Wilcoxon test, n = 12 per group. Data in A–F are representative of two independent experiments.</p