Efficacy of cognitive Restructuring and Behavioural Rehearsal on Conduct Disorder in Adolescents in Special Correctional Centres in Lagos State

The work efficacy of Cognitive Restructuring and Behavioural Rehearsal on Conduct Disorder in Adolescents in Special Correctional Centres in Lagos State is concerned with adolescence which is the third phase of human development. This is characterized by stress and storm. Unresolved identity crisis coupled with some factors such as parenting styles, socio-economic status, religion, and peer pressure lead to conduct disorder. The rate of conduct disorder in adolescents is on the increase in the form of truancy, deceitfulness, theft, rule violations, rape, aggression or threats to others. These are becoming rampant and if nothing is done, there would be difficulty in having a healthy future for both individuals and the nation at large. The study adopts an experimental research with 3 x 2 x 3 x 3 factorial design. The variables in the study include the independent variables, which consist of cognitive restructuring, behavioural rehearsal and control group. The intervening variables are gender, socio-economic status and parenting styles while the dependent variable is conduct disorder. A sample size of 90 adolescents is purposively selected. Participants are randomly assigned into experimental and control groups. The three instruments relevant to this study are: Conduct Disorder Scale, Socio-Economic Scale and Parenting Styles Scale. Eight research hypotheses are raised and tested at 0.05 level of significance. The procedure for data collection include the pre and post tests administered to the participants. Participants are exposed to intervention sessions twice a week for the period of eight weeks. Data collected from the study are analyzed using both the descriptive and inferential statistical methods. The study reveals the order of prominence of subscales of conduct disorder to be deceitfulness and or theft, aggression, hostility and rule violation. The prevalent paternal and maternal parenting styles that is prominent is the authoritative parenting style, the prevalent parental socio-economic status is the medium. A significant difference exists in the pre-test and post-test. The results from the tested hypotheses are: There is no significant difference in the order of prominence in conduct disorder of the followings: prevalence of paternal and maternal parenting styles, cognitive restructuring and behavioural rehearsal and cognitive restructuring and behavioural rehearsal on the basis of gender and parental SES. Others include parenting styles, age, educational level, and length of stay at the correctional centres. There is a significant difference in the followings: degree of severity of conduct disorder before and after treatment, treatment of conduct disorder of participants in the two experimental groups when compared with the control group and cognitive restructuring and behavioural rehearsal on the basis of religion. Recommendations are proffered in the study

Teachers Social Feedback on Test Performance of Primary School Pupils

This study investigated the effect of teachers’ social feedback on test performance of pupils. The study adopted the between-subject experimental design. Social feedback perception scale (SFPS) was designed and employed to measure the effect of teacher’s social feedback on the participants. Participants age ranges between 7 and 10 years (average age = 8.17 years). There were eight male and ten female pupils randomly selected from a private primary school in Ota, Ogun State. The odd-even number separation method was employed to place the participants into either the experimental or control groups. Two hypotheses were formulated for the study. The study found a significant effect of teachers social feedback on students’ perception (U = 33.500, N1 = 9, N2 = 9, p< 0.05, one-tailed) and a significant difference in perception of teachers social feedback among pupils based on gender (U = 27.571, N1 = 8, N2 = 10, p< 0.05, one-tailed). Both hypotheses were accepted. Consequent upon these findings, teachers are encouraged to use social feedback as it has a positive effect on pupil’s test performanc

Attribution Patterns, Attitude and Knowledge of HIV/AIDS on Sexual Behavioural Change Among Students of Covenant University, Ota, Nigeria

Sexual behavioural change is central to HIV/AIDS control programme. This study was carried out among students (n = 603; average age = 18.9) of Covenant University, Nigeria. The study was designed to examine the impact of attribution patterns, attitude and knowledge of HIV/AIDS on sexual behavioural change. Three hypotheses were raised. Regression analysis, analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Pearson’s r were used to analyze the data. The results show that attribution patterns and attitude towards HIV did not influence sexual behavioural change. In effect, knowledge of HIV was the best predictor of sexual behavioural change of respondents. The study also revealed that there was a significant effect of gender on sexual behavioural change of respondents while there was no significant effect of age. Another result shows that there was a strong correlation between perceived benefits and all the other variables. Fourteen percent (14%) of the respondents are sexually active, 520 or 86% indicated they are not sexually active. Eighty-nine percent (89%) of the respondents do not know of anyone who is HIV positive or died from AIDS while 11% knows someone who is HIV positive or had died from AIDS related complications. This study shows that young people using the perceived benefits variable in the Health Belief Model (HBM) coupled with adequate knowledge of HIV knowledge have the power and ability to change their risky sexual behaviour. Key words: Attribution patterns, Attitude, Knowledge, HIV/AIDS, Students, Young people, Perceived benefits and Sexual behavioural change

Psycho-Cultural Variables Predicting Attitude of Students’ towards HIV Counselling and Testing in Selected Tertiary Institutions in Lagos State, Nigeria.

The aim of the present study was to assess attitude of young people (n=287, mean=20.5 years) towards testing for HIV/AIDS. The participants completed a standard socio-demographic questionnaire, indicating sexual behaviour, cultural beliefs and practices, attitude to HCT, and knowledge of HIV/AIDS. Descriptive and inferential statistics at 0.05 alpha level were used to analyze the data. The study indicates that most participants have poor knowledge of HCT centres in their communities, but had a fairly high knowledge level of HIV. The findings of this study include that there is a significant difference in the disposition to HCT between respondents who have experienced sexual intercourse and those who have not (t = 3.866, df = 285: p<0.05) and between male and female respondents (t = 4.775, df = 285; p< 0.05). The study also shows that knowledge of HIV/AIDS was the strongest predictor of attitude of young people towards HCT ( = 0.547; t = 3.458 p<0.05), closely followed by cultural practices ( = 0.324; t = 2.740 p<0.05) while sexual behaviour was not a strong predictor ( = 0.041; t = 0.543 p>0.05). The present study challenged the adequacy of reproductive health knowledge available to Nigerian students and based on the findings in this study, it was recommended that young people should be sufficiently enlightened and counselled on the imperative of HIV counselling and testing. Keywords: HIV counselling and testing (HCT), young people, attitude, knowledge of HIV/AID

PSYCHO-CULTURAL VARIABLES PREDICTING ATTITUDE OF STUDENTS’ TOWARDS HIV COUNSELLING AND TESTING IN SELECTED TERTIARY INSTITUTIONS IN LAGOS STATE, NIGERIA.

The aim of the present study was to assess attitude of young people (n=287, mean=20.5 years) towards testing for HIV/AIDS. The participants completed a standard socio-demographic questionnaire, indicating sexual behaviour, cultural beliefs and practices, attitude to HCT, and knowledge of HIV/AIDS. Descriptive and inferential statistics at 0.05 alpha level were used to analyze the data. The study indicates that most participants have poor knowledge of HCT centres in their communities, but had a fairly high knowledge level of HIV. The findings of this study include that there is a significant difference in the disposition to HCT between respondents who have experienced sexual intercourse and those who have not (t = 3.866, df = 285: p0.05). The present study challenged the adequacy of reproductive health knowledge available to Nigerian students and based on the findings in this study, it was recommended that young people should be sufficiently enlightened and counselled on the imperative of HIV counselling and testing

Use of Concrete Detachable Learning Tools in Testing Children’s Animal Discriminatory Ability

This study examined the effect of concrete detachable learning tools on young children’s discriminatory ability. The study adopted pre-test, post-test experimental design. Data were obtained from twenty-two (22) pupils, with age range between 2 and 4 years (average age = 2.95 years). There were ten male and twelve female pupils randomly selected from a private primary school in Ota, Ogun State. Two hypotheses were formulated for the study. The study found no significant difference in the performance of males and females who were taught using the concrete learning tools (= 0.516, df = 9, p> .05) but a significant difference between the post-test performance of those who were taught discrimination using the concrete detachable learning tools and those using the visual tool (t = 13.771, df = 10, p = .000). This study shows that concrete detachable learning tools are suitable for early childhood education considering its positive effect on memor

DOMESTIC VIOLENCE IN A SEMI-URBAN NEIGHBOURHOOD

There are no published studies on impact of neighbourhood on domestic violence in Sango-Ota. This is the first study to examine formal and informal control method and the influence of family structure and socio-economic status on the occurrence of domestic violence in Sango-Ota. A closed-ended questionnaire with two open –ended questions was administered to married couples and other consenting adults at three selected neighbourhoods in Sango-Ota. A research question and one hypothesis were tested. The study tried to find out whether formal and informal control methods are effective. The research hypothesis states that there is a significant combined contribution of socio-economic conditions, family structure and years of marriage to incidences/occurrences of domestic violence in Sango-Ota. Of the 84 participants that reported cases of domestic violence, about two-thirds (61%) reported to their family members while 17 (21%) reported to close family friends. Only 4 (5%) participants had the courage to report to the law enforcement agency, in this case, the police. Risk factors identified to precipitate domestic violence are years of marriage (β= -.205; t = -2.792; p< 0.05) and the prevailing socio-economic status of the family (β= .437; t = 6.052; p< .0005). The findings show a low level reportage of cases of domestic violence. Higher socioeconomic status was found to be protective against domestic violence. Our findings also highlight the potential role of broader contextual or community-level interventions in reducing domestic violence in settings such as Sango-Ota which is a semi-urban area. We found evidence that improvements in the socioeconomic status of the participants will lead to significant reductions in the incidence of domestic violence. Keywords: Domestic Violence, Sango-Ota, Neighbourhood, Socioeconomic status, Polic

Proximate Determinants of Women's Use of Birth Control Methods in Ota,Ogun State

Fertility regulation and pregnancy prevention are among the major health challenges of the 21st century in sub-Saharan Africa, especially in Nigeria. Contraception has been identified as an effective means of combating the problem of unwanted pregnancy and unsafe abortion and it is equally an effective means of family planning and fertility control and therefore very important in promoting maternal and child health. Women between ages 18 and 47 (n=143, mean=30.4 years) were sampled. A survey research questionnaire made up of four trajectories and consisting of sixteen (16) items was used in this study. The study made use of frequency counts, percentage, t-test analysis and regression analysis. The SPSS software was used to analyze the data. Results indicate a good knowledge of types of contraception with more than a third (83%) aware of condom as a contraceptive method. However, very few women were aware of modern contraceptive methods such as implants (9%) and spermicides (5%). The study indicates that knowledge of contraception (β = 2.244; t = 2.356; p < .05), employment status (β = 1.955; t = 2.257;p < .05) and age (β = 1.530; t = 2.203; p < .05) were good predictors of women’s contraceptive use. There was also a significant difference in women’s use of contraceptives based on contraceptive selfefficacy (t = 3.387, p < .05). Based on these findings, the study shows the need for strong advocacy,enlightenment and community mobilization for improved awareness and use of contraceptives in fertility control and preventing unwanted pregnancie

Factors Influencing Attitudes Towards Stigmatization and Discrimination Amongst People Living with HIV/AIDS

This research study was designed to explore stigmatization and Discrimination of people living with HIV/AIDS. The study employed the descriptive survey of By means of a self 116 participants. A research questionnaire elicit~d information on demography and stigmatization and discrimination amongst the people living with HIVIAIDS and the general population. Two hypotheses were formulated and tested The re.sult confirmed a significant combined contribution of family and workplace attitude, towards people living with HIV/AIDS. (r == .408, r2 == .166; F r2. IIJJ == 11.261; p < 0.005). The second hypothesis showed that there is no significant difference between male and female respondents in their workplace attitude towards people living with HIV/AIDS (t == J.200, df== 114, p > 0.05, one-tailed). The study concludes that the society should be encouraged to have a change of attitude towardl' (!C'O(! /e ! i l · i n r: 1\'ifh H!f/!1 rns F l l l f l ( l l l n · support and care should be demonstrated to victims of H1V/AIDS in place of stigmatization and discriminatio

Predictors of Maternal Health As Perceived By Pregnant Women In Eti-Osa, Lagos State, Nigeria

This study was an attempt to examine predictors of maternal health as perceived by pregnant women in Eti-Osa LGA of Lagos State. The study adopted the survey design. The Maternal Health Scale (MHS), a self designed scale consisting of 25 items was administered to 100 pregnant women in three selected hospitals. Three hypotheses were formulated for the study and they were all sustained. Cultural practices was the most potent predictor of maternal health (β = 0.09; t = 5.220; p<0.05). Consequent upon these findings, there is need for education and enlightenment campaigns focused on maternal health in primary health care centres (PHC) by government and other non-governmental groups. There is also the urgent necessity to provide women with the appropriate health education to enable them make informed decisions concerning their health and that of their children