Costume and make up in cultural development

Costume is an essential feature of any dramatic production and with make- up constitutes the total visual appearance of the actor. Costume is an important fact of acting; therefore it is not mere covering for an actor. Thus its essence is rooted in the fact that the actor wears it, moves and speaks in it and is continually within the attention of the spectator. Costume assists characterization so that whether in film or on stage, the audience can determine age, social status, personality, nationality, dislikesand likes before the character utters a word. Costume also helps to establish the relationship between characters. The actor and the costume interpret the character. This in essence means that the proper coordination of the production elements contribute in boosting the cultural image of the people whose lives are reflected in the stories being dramatised on stage or in films. Costumes and make up could therefore become effective tools for cultural promotion and development if well manipulated. It then meansthat film transforms all subjects and objects into new signs which 189 190 communicate to the audience. In essence, film is rooted in the  communication and promotion of ideas, and ideas serve as a veritable instrument of enlightenment and education

Costume and make up in cultural development

Costume is an essential feature of any dramatic production and with make- up constitutes the total visual appearance of the actor. Costume is an important fact of acting; therefore it is not mere covering for an actor. Thus its essence is rooted in the fact that the actor wears it, moves and speaks in it and is continually within the attention of the spectator. Costume assists characterization so that whether in film or on stage, the audience can determine age, social status, personality, nationality, dislikesand likes before the character utters a word. Costume also helps to establish the relationship between characters. The actor and the costume interpret the character. This in essence means that the proper coordination of the production elements contribute in boosting the cultural image of the people whose lives are reflected in the stories being dramatised on stage or in films. Costumes and make up could therefore become effective tools for cultural promotion and development if well manipulated. It then meansthat film transforms all subjects and objects into new signs which 189 190communicate to the audience. In essence, film is rooted in the  communication and promotion of ideas, and ideas serve as a veritable instrument of enlightenment and education

Investigation of the transport properties for saline water in porous materials -- Modeling of the permeability coefficient for saline water--

8th International Building Physics Conference (IBPC 2021) 25-27 August 2021, Copenhagen, DenmarkSalt weathering is a major concern for cultural heritages such as ruins and tombs, and desalination by poulticing is an interesting potential method to efficiently remove contaminating salt. Predicting the degree of achievable desalination is very important. However, many existing models used to consider saline water transport in porous materials have been developed based on the theory of pure water. To understand saline water flow in porous materials, we determined the saline water permeability of a tuff stone by the falling-head method. We found that the permeability of the tuff stone was affected by factors other than the density and dynamic viscosity of the saline water

Field measurement and numerical analysis of wind-driven rain absorption and evaporation on building facades

To investigate the validity of the traditional approach to implement wind-driven rain (WDR) innumerical models of heat, air and moisture (HAM) transfer in building components, under realatmospheric conditions, a new set-up was developed at a test building. WDR intensity, other relevant environmental conditions and the resulting moisture response of the wall to these conditions (both hygroscopic loading and WDR) were simultaneously measured. The whole measurement data set was used for validation. Large differences between the measurement and simulation results were found and possible causes discussed. It is concluded that many influencing parameters interact, and that therefore precisely simulating the hygrothermal response of walls to WDR is very difficult

Spreading, splashing and bouncing of wind-driven raindrops on building facades

Wind-driven rain (WDR) significantly affects buildings. Examples are the durability of building walls, the weathering and soiling of buildings and monuments, algae formation at building facades, mould growth at inside wall surfaces, indoor climate and energy consumption of buildings. In numerical simulation models to analyse the hygrothermal performance of building components, the WDR intensity on a building facade is traditionally implemented as a (uniform) moisture flux boundary condition. In reality however, WDR is the sum of individual raindrops, which do not only spread, but may also splash or bounce off the facade. In this paper, these phenomena, i.e. spreading, splashing and bouncing and their potential occurrence at raindrop impact on building facades are investigated. Laboratory measurements were made of water drop impact on a dry, clean and relatively smooth porous ceramic brick surface. Results show that—depending on impact angle, impact speed and diameter—raindrops impinging on porous material surfaces can show either spreading, splashing or bouncing, which results in variable shapes and sizes of wetted areas. The possibility and importance of splashing and bouncing at the windward facade of a building are investigated by combining the drop impact measurements with computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations of raindrop trajectories impinging on the windward building facade of a 10 × 10 × 10 m3 cubic building. It is shown that depending on the meteorological conditions, splashing and bouncing can occur at large parts of the facade. This implies that the current implementation of WDR as a boundary condition in numerical hygrothermal simulation models, which does not take into account these effects, can significantly overestimate the real moisture flux boundary condition

Spreading, splashing and bouncing of wind-driven raindrops on building facades

Wind-driven rain (WDR) significantly affects buildings. Examples are the durability of building walls, the weathering and soiling of buildings and monuments, algae formation at building facades, mould growth at inside wall surfaces, indoor climate and energy consumption of buildings. In numerical simulation models to analyse the hygrothermal performance of building components, the WDR intensity on a building facade is traditionally implemented as a (uniform) moisture flux boundary condition. In reality however, WDR is the sum of individual raindrops, which do not only spread, but may also splash or bounce off the facade. In this paper, these phenomena, i.e. spreading, splashing and bouncing and their potential occurrence at raindrop impact on building facades are investigated. Laboratory measurements were made of water drop impact on a dry, clean and relatively smooth porous ceramic brick surface. Results show that—depending on impact angle, impact speed and diameter—raindrops impinging on porous material surfaces can show either spreading, splashing or bouncing, which results in variable shapes and sizes of wetted areas. The possibility and importance of splashing and bouncing at the windward facade of a building are investigated by combining the drop impact measurements with computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations of raindrop trajectories impinging on the windward building facade of a 10 × 10 × 10 m3 cubic building. It is shown that depending on the meteorological conditions, splashing and bouncing can occur at large parts of the facade. This implies that the current implementation of WDR as a boundary condition in numerical hygrothermal simulation models, which does not take into account these effects, can significantly overestimate the real moisture flux boundary condition

Moisture response of building facades to wind-driven rain: field measurements compared with numerical simulations.

Wind-driven rain (WDR) is one of the most important boundary conditions governing the hygrothermal behaviour of building facades, which is usually numerically analysed with the so-called Heat-Air-Moisture (HAM) transfer models. In the traditional approach of HAM transfer models, WDR is implemented in a simplified manner: the total mass of all raindrops impinging on a certain surface area of a building facade during the time interval of the meteorological input data (typically 1 h) is spatially and temporally averaged and is supplied to the facade as an averaged moisture flux. However, real WDR is the sum of individual raindrops that impinge on the facade in a spatially and temporally discrete modus, and that do not only spread at impact, but may also splash or bounce off the facade. Therefore the reliability of this simplification can be questioned. To investigate its validity, a new experimental set-up was developed at a full-scale test building. It allows simultaneous and continuous measurements of the reference wind speed and direction, WDR intensity, outdoor air temperature and humidity, as well as the response of facade material samples to these environmental conditions. For this purpose, a measuring device was developed that monitors the weight change of the sample with a resolution of 5 mg. Temperatures at the interior and exterior material surfaces are also monitored. The whole measurement data set is used to check the validity of the traditional numerical approach. Large differences are found between the measurement and simulation results, which cannot solely be attributed to the uncertainty in the convective moisture transfer coefficient, but may be due to two additional reasons: the occurrence of splashing and bouncing at raindrop impact on the facade, which is not included in the model, and/or errors in surface moisture evaporation and absorption due to modelling the actual random and discrete raindrop impingement as a simplified averaged moisture flux

Experimental and numerical analysis of the hygrothermal response of walls to wind-driven rain

To investigate the validity of the traditional approach to implement wind-driven rain (WDR) in hygrothermal building envelope models, under real atmospheric conditions, a new set-up was developed at a test building. Reference wind speed and direction, WDR intensity, outdoor air temperature and relative humidity and the resulting moisture response of the wall to these environmental conditions (both hygroscopic loading and WDR) were simultaneously measured. The whole measurement data set was used for validation. Large differences between the measurement and simulation results were found and possible causes discussed. It is concluded that many influencing parameters interact, and that therefore precisely predicting the hygrothermal response of walls to wind-driven rain is very difficult

Field measurement and numerical analysis of wind-driven rain absorption and evaporation on building facades

To investigate the validity of the traditional approach to implement wind-driven rain (WDR) innumerical models of heat, air and moisture (HAM) transfer in building components, under realatmospheric conditions, a new set-up was developed at a test building. WDR intensity, other relevant environmental conditions and the resulting moisture response of the wall to these conditions (both hygroscopic loading and WDR) were simultaneously measured. The whole measurement data set was used for validation. Large differences between the measurement and simulation results were found and possible causes discussed. It is concluded that many influencing parameters interact, and that therefore precisely simulating the hygrothermal response of walls to WDR is very difficult