Additional file 1: Table S1. of Institutional delivery in public and private sectors in South Asia: a comparative analysis of prospective data from four demographic surveillance sites

Type of delivery care by socio-economic and socio-demographic position. (DOCX 44 kb

Active work, exercise and dietary consumption in survey 1 and 2.

Active work, exercise and dietary consumption in survey 1 and 2.</p

Participant recruitment diagram.

Participant recruitment diagram.</p

Summary measures of postpartum psychological distress (SRQ-20 score ≥6) in intervention and control areas (with and without tea garden residents), by year.

<p>Summary measures of postpartum psychological distress (SRQ-20 score ≥6) in intervention and control areas (with and without tea garden residents), by year.</p

Inclusivity in global research.

(DOCX)</p

Multivariable logistic regressions of NCD outcomes and survey exposure, adjusted for socio-demographic factors.

Multivariable logistic regressions of NCD outcomes and survey exposure, adjusted for socio-demographic factors.</p

Definitions for anthropometric measures.

Definitions for anthropometric measures.</p

Prevalence of non-communicable conditions in survey 1 and survey 2.

Prevalence of non-communicable conditions in survey 1 and survey 2.</p

Generating Insights from Trends in Newborn Care Practices from Prospective Population-Based Studies: Examples from India, Bangladesh and Nepal

<div><p>Background</p><p>Delivery of essential newborn care is key to reducing neonatal mortality rates, yet coverage of protective birth practices remains incomplete and variable, with or without skilled attendance. Evidence of changes over time in newborn care provision, disaggregated by care practice and delivery type, can be used by policymakers to review efforts to reduce mortality. We examine such trends in four areas using control arm trial data.</p><p>Methods and Findings</p><p>We analysed data from the control arms of cluster randomised controlled trials in Bangladesh (27 553 births), eastern India (8 939), Dhanusha, Nepal (15 344) and Makwanpur, Nepal (6 765) over the period 2001–2011. For each trial, we calculated the observed proportion of attended births and the coverage of WHO essential newborn care practices by year, adjusted for clustering and stratification. To explore factors contributing to the observed trends, we then analysed expected trends due only to observed shifts in birth attendance, accounted for stratification, delivery type and statistically significant interaction terms, and examined disaggregated trends in care practice coverage by delivery type. Attended births increased over the study periods in all areas from very low rates, reaching a maximum of only 30% of deliveries. Newborn care practice trends showed marked heterogeneity within and between areas. Adjustment for stratification, birth attendance and interaction revealed that care practices could change in opposite directions over time and/or between delivery types – e.g. in Bangladesh hygienic cord-cutting and skin-to-skin contact fell in attended deliveries but not home deliveries, whereas in India birth attendant hand-washing rose for institutional deliveries but fell for home deliveries.</p><p>Conclusions</p><p>Coverage of many essential newborn care practices is improving, albeit slowly and unevenly across sites and delivery type. Time trend analyses of birth patterns and essential newborn care practices can inform policy-makers about effective intervention strategies.</p></div

Sample selection procedure for evaluation of the effect of women’s groups on postpartum psychological distress.

<p>From 25,615 births and deaths (‘events’) over the 24 study months in 2010 and 2011 we excluded data from: 17,181 events that did not occur within the SRQ-20 data collection periods; 62 events where it was not possible to conduct an interview due to migration or refusal; 1945 events associated with mothers who were temporary residents in the study area; nine events associated with a maternal death; 100 events associated with mothers who had previously delivered during the SRQ-20 data collection periods, either because of multiple births or through repeated births; 23 mothers due to missing SRQ-20 data. In total, 6275 mothers were included in the final sample.</p